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Importing Modules</a> &#187;</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-runpy"> <span id="runpy-locating-and-executing-python-modules"></span><h1>31.4. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-runpy" title="runpy: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code></a> — Locating and executing Python modules<a class="headerlink" href="#module-runpy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/runpy.py">Lib/runpy.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-runpy" title="runpy: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code></a> module is used to locate and run Python modules without importing them first. Its main use is to implement the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a> command line switch that allows scripts to be located using the Python module namespace rather than the filesystem.</p> <p>Note that this is <em>not</em> a sandbox module - all code is executed in the current process, and any side effects (such as cached imports of other modules) will remain in place after the functions have returned.</p> <p>Furthermore, any functions and classes defined by the executed code are not guaranteed to work correctly after a <a class="reference internal" href="#module-runpy" title="runpy: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code></a> function has returned. If that limitation is not acceptable for a given use case, <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib" title="importlib: The implementation of the import machinery."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code></a> is likely to be a more suitable choice than this module.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-runpy" title="runpy: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code></a> module provides two functions:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="runpy.run_module"> <code class="descclassname">runpy.</code><code class="descname">run_module</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>mod_name</em>, <em>init_globals=None</em>, <em>run_name=None</em>, <em>alter_sys=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#runpy.run_module" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-0">Execute the code of the specified module and return the resulting module globals dictionary. The module’s code is first located using the standard import mechanism (refer to <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> for details) and then executed in a fresh module namespace.</p> <p>The <em>mod_name</em> argument should be an absolute module name. If the module name refers to a package rather than a normal module, then that package is imported and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> submodule within that package is then executed and the resulting module globals dictionary returned.</p> <p>The optional dictionary argument <em>init_globals</em> may be used to pre-populate the module’s globals dictionary before the code is executed. The supplied dictionary will not be modified. If any of the special global variables below are defined in the supplied dictionary, those definitions are overridden by <a class="reference internal" href="#runpy.run_module" title="runpy.run_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_module()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The special global variables <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> are set in the globals dictionary before the module code is executed (Note that this is a minimal set of variables - other variables may be set implicitly as an interpreter implementation detail).</p> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> is set to <em>run_name</em> if this optional argument is not <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a>, to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod_name</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">'.__main__'</span></code> if the named module is a package and to the <em>mod_name</em> argument otherwise.</p> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code> will be set appropriately for the <em>actually</em> imported module (that is, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__.name</span></code> will always be <em>mod_name</em> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod_name</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">'.__main__</span></code>, never <em>run_name</em>).</p> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> are <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#import-mod-attrs"><span class="std std-ref">set as normal</span></a> based on the module spec.</p> <p>If the argument <em>alter_sys</em> is supplied and evaluates to <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a>, then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is updated with the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules[__name__]</span></code> is updated with a temporary module object for the module being executed. Both <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules[__name__]</span></code> are restored to their original values before the function returns.</p> <p>Note that this manipulation of <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> is not thread-safe. Other threads may see the partially initialised module, as well as the altered list of arguments. It is recommended that the <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> module be left alone when invoking this function from threaded code.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a> option offering equivalent functionality from the command line.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.1: </span>Added ability to execute packages by looking for a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> submodule.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code> global variable (see <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147"><strong>PEP 3147</strong></a>).</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Updated to take advantage of the module spec feature added by <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0451"><strong>PEP 451</strong></a>. This allows <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code> to be set correctly for modules run this way, as well as ensuring the real module name is always accessible as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__.name</span></code>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="runpy.run_path"> <code class="descclassname">runpy.</code><code class="descname">run_path</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>file_path</em>, <em>init_globals=None</em>, <em>run_name=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#runpy.run_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-4">Execute the code at the named filesystem location and return the resulting module globals dictionary. As with a script name supplied to the CPython command line, the supplied path may refer to a Python source file, a compiled bytecode file or a valid sys.path entry containing a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> module (e.g. a zipfile containing a top-level <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file).</p> <p>For a simple script, the specified code is simply executed in a fresh module namespace. For a valid sys.path entry (typically a zipfile or directory), the entry is first added to the beginning of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code>. The function then looks for and executes a <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> module using the updated path. Note that there is no special protection against invoking an existing <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> entry located elsewhere on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> if there is no such module at the specified location.</p> <p>The optional dictionary argument <em>init_globals</em> may be used to pre-populate the module’s globals dictionary before the code is executed. The supplied dictionary will not be modified. If any of the special global variables below are defined in the supplied dictionary, those definitions are overridden by <a class="reference internal" href="#runpy.run_path" title="runpy.run_path"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_path()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The special global variables <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> are set in the globals dictionary before the module code is executed (Note that this is a minimal set of variables - other variables may be set implicitly as an interpreter implementation detail).</p> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> is set to <em>run_name</em> if this optional argument is not <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a> and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&lt;run_path&gt;'</span></code> otherwise.</p> <p>If the supplied path directly references a script file (whether as source or as precompiled byte code), then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code> will be set to the supplied path, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> will all be set to <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a>.</p> <p>If the supplied path is a reference to a valid sys.path entry, then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code> will be set appropriately for the imported <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> module (that is, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__.name</span></code> will always be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code>). <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> will be <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#import-mod-attrs"><span class="std std-ref">set as normal</span></a> based on the module spec.</p> <p>A number of alterations are also made to the <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> module. Firstly, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> may be altered as described above. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is updated with the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file_path</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules[__name__]</span></code> is updated with a temporary module object for the module being executed. All modifications to items in <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> are reverted before the function returns.</p> <p>Note that, unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#runpy.run_module" title="runpy.run_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_module()</span></code></a>, the alterations made to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> are not optional in this function as these adjustments are essential to allowing the execution of sys.path entries. As the thread-safety limitations still apply, use of this function in threaded code should be either serialised with the import lock or delegated to a separate process.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-interface-options"><span class="std std-ref">Interface options</span></a> for equivalent functionality on the command line (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">path/to/script</span></code>).</p> </div> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Updated to take advantage of the module spec feature added by <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0451"><strong>PEP 451</strong></a>. This allows <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code> to be set correctly in the case where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> is imported from a valid sys.path entry rather than being executed directly.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0338"><strong>PEP 338</strong></a> – Executing modules as scripts</dt> <dd>PEP written and implemented by Nick Coghlan.</dd> <dt><span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0366"><strong>PEP 366</strong></a> – Main module explicit relative imports</dt> <dd>PEP written and implemented by Nick Coghlan.</dd> <dt><span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0451"><strong>PEP 451</strong></a> – A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System</dt> <dd>PEP written and implemented by Eric Snow</dd> </dl> <p><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-general"><span class="std std-ref">Command line and environment</span></a> - CPython command line details</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.import_module" title="importlib.import_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.import_module()</span></code></a> function</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="modulefinder.html" title="previous chapter">31.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="importlib.html" title="next chapter">31.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code> — The implementation of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code></a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.6/Doc/library/runpy.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="importlib.html" title="31.5. importlib — The implementation of import" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="modulefinder.html" title="31.3. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="modules.html" >31. 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