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File and Directory Access</a> &#187;</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-os.path"> <span id="os-path-common-pathname-manipulations"></span><h1>11.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> — Common pathname manipulations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-os.path" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/posixpath.py">Lib/posixpath.py</a> (for POSIX), <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/ntpath.py">Lib/ntpath.py</a> (for Windows NT), and <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/macpath.py">Lib/macpath.py</a> (for Macintosh)</p> <hr class="docutils" id="index-0" /> <p>This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or write files see <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>, and for accessing the filesystem see the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> module. The path parameters can be passed as either strings, or bytes. Applications are encouraged to represent file names as (Unicode) character strings. Unfortunately, some file names may not be representable as strings on Unix, so applications that need to support arbitrary file names on Unix should use bytes objects to represent path names. Vice versa, using bytes objects cannot represent all file names on Windows (in the standard <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mbcs</span></code> encoding), hence Windows applications should use string objects to access all files.</p> <p>Unlike a unix shell, Python does not do any <em>automatic</em> path expansions. Functions such as <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expanduser()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expandvars()</span></code></a> can be invoked explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion. (See also the <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> module.)</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code></a> module offers high-level path objects.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string objects as their parameters. The result is an object of the same type, if a path or file name is returned.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p>Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there are several versions of this module in the standard library. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> module is always the path module suitable for the operating system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths. However, you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate a path that is <em>always</em> in one of the different formats. They all have the same interface:</p> <ul class="last simple"> <li><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixpath</span></code> for UNIX-style paths</li> <li><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ntpath</span></code> for Windows paths</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="macpath.html#module-macpath" title="macpath: Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macpath</span></code></a> for old-style MacOS paths</li> </ul> </div> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.abspath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">abspath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.abspath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname <em>path</em>. On most platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normpath" title="os.path.normpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath()</span></code></a> as follows: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath(join(os.getcwd(),</span> <span class="pre">path))</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.basename"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">basename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.basename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the base name of pathname <em>path</em>. This is the second element of the pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>. Note that the result of this function is different from the Unix <strong class="program">basename</strong> program; where <strong class="program">basename</strong> for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'/foo/bar/'</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bar'</span></code>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a> function returns an empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.commonpath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">commonpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>paths</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the sequence <em>paths</em>. Raise ValueError if <em>paths</em> contains both absolute and relative pathnames, or if <em>paths</em> is empty. Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="os.path.commonprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonprefix()</span></code></a>, this returns a valid path.</p> <p>Availability: Unix, Windows</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like objects</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.commonprefix"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">commonprefix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>list</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a prefix of all paths in <em>list</em>. If <em>list</em> is empty, return the empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p>This function may return invalid paths because it works a character at a time. To obtain a valid path, see <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="os.path.commonpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonpath()</span></code></a>.</p> <div class="last highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonprefix</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="go">&#39;/usr/l&#39;</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonpath</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="go">&#39;/usr&#39;</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.dirname"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">dirname</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.dirname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the directory name of pathname <em>path</em>. This is the first element of the pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.exists"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.exists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path or an open file descriptor. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this function may return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if permission is not granted to execute <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> on the requested file, even if the <em>path</em> physically exists.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3: </span><em>path</em> can now be an integer: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> is returned if it is an open file descriptor, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.lexists"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">lexists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.lexists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a> on platforms lacking <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.expanduser"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">expanduser</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> replaced by that <em>user</em>’s home directory.</p> <p id="index-1">On Unix, an initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> is replaced by the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code> if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html#module-pwd" title="pwd: The password database (getpwnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code></a>. An initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> is looked up directly in the password directory.</p> <p>On Windows, <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERPROFILE</span></code> will be used if set, otherwise a combination of <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEPATH</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEDRIVE</span></code> will be used. An initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> is handled by stripping the last directory component from the created user path derived above.</p> <p>If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is returned unchanged.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.expandvars"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">expandvars</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code> are replaced by the value of environment variable <em>name</em>. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are left unchanged.</p> <p>On Windows, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%name%</span></code> expansions are supported in addition to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.getatime"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">getatime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getatime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the time of last access of <em>path</em>. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module). Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p> <p>If <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat_float_times" title="os.stat_float_times"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat_float_times()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the result is a floating point number.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.getmtime"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">getmtime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getmtime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the time of last modification of <em>path</em>. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module). Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p> <p>If <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat_float_times" title="os.stat_float_times"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat_float_times()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the result is a floating point number.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.getctime"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">getctime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getctime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for <em>path</em>. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module). Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.getsize"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">getsize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the size, in bytes, of <em>path</em>. Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.isabs"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">isabs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.isfile"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">isfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> regular file. This follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a> can be true for the same path.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.isdir"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">isdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory. This follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a> can be true for the same path.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.islink"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">islink</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.islink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory entry that is a symbolic link. Always <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if symbolic links are not supported by the Python runtime.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.ismount"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">ismount</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.ismount" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if pathname <em>path</em> is a <em class="dfn">mount point</em>: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether <em>path</em>’s parent, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">path/..</span></code>, is on a different device than <em>path</em>, or whether <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">path/..</span></code> and <em>path</em> point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are always mount points, and for any other path <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetVolumePathName</span></code> is called to see if it is different from the input path.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4: </span>Support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.join"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">join</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em>, <em>*paths</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.join" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Join one or more path components intelligently. The return value is the concatenation of <em>path</em> and any members of <em>*paths</em> with exactly one directory separator (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.sep</span></code>) following each non-empty part except the last, meaning that the result will only end in a separator if the last part is empty. If a component is an absolute path, all previous components are thrown away and joining continues from the absolute path component.</p> <p>On Windows, the drive letter is not reset when an absolute path component (e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\foo'</span></code>) is encountered. If a component contains a drive letter, all previous components are thrown away and the drive letter is reset. Note that since there is a current directory for each drive, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join(&quot;c:&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;foo&quot;)</span></code> represents a path relative to the current directory on drive <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:</span></code> (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:foo</span></code>), not <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:\foo</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a> for <em>path</em> and <em>paths</em>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.normcase"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">normcase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normcase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Normalize the case of a pathname. On Unix and Mac OS X, this returns the path unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it converts the path to lowercase. On Windows, it also converts forward slashes to backward slashes. Raise a TypeError if the type of <em>path</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code> (directly or indirectly through the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a> interface).</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.normpath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">normpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level references so that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A//B</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/./B</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/foo/../B</span></code> all become <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B</span></code>. This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path that contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts forward slashes to backward slashes. To normalize case, use <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normcase()</span></code></a>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.realpath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">realpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.realpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating system).</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.relpath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">relpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em>, <em>start=os.curdir</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.relpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a relative filepath to <em>path</em> either from the current directory or from an optional <em>start</em> directory. This is a path computation: the filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of <em>path</em> or <em>start</em>.</p> <p><em>start</em> defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.curdir" title="os.curdir"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.curdir</span></code></a>.</p> <p>Availability: Unix, Windows.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.samefile"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">samefile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path1</em>, <em>path2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samefile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory. This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an exception if an <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> call on either pathname fails.</p> <p>Availability: Unix, Windows.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added Windows support.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.sameopenfile"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">sameopenfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fp1</em>, <em>fp2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the file descriptors <em>fp1</em> and <em>fp2</em> refer to the same file.</p> <p>Availability: Unix, Windows.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added Windows support.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.samestat"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">samestat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>stat1</em>, <em>stat2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samestat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the stat tuples <em>stat1</em> and <em>stat2</em> refer to the same file. These structures may have been returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fstat" title="os.fstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fstat()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a>. This function implements the underlying comparison used by <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">samefile()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="os.path.sameopenfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sameopenfile()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>Availability: Unix, Windows.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added Windows support.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.split"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">split</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.split" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>tail</em> is the last pathname component and <em>head</em> is everything leading up to that. The <em>tail</em> part will never contain a slash; if <em>path</em> ends in a slash, <em>tail</em> will be empty. If there is no slash in <em>path</em>, <em>head</em> will be empty. If <em>path</em> is empty, both <em>head</em> and <em>tail</em> are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from <em>head</em> unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> returns a path to the same location as <em>path</em> (but the strings may differ). Also see the functions <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.dirname" title="os.path.dirname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dirname()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.splitdrive"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">splitdrive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitdrive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(drive,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>drive</em> is either a mount point or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications, <em>drive</em> will always be the empty string. In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drive</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">tail</span></code> will be the same as <em>path</em>.</p> <p>On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path.</p> <p>If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything up to and including the colon. e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitdrive(&quot;c:/dir&quot;)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(&quot;c:&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;/dir&quot;)</span></code></p> <p>If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name and share, up to but not including the fourth separator. e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitdrive(&quot;//host/computer/dir&quot;)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(&quot;//host/computer&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;/dir&quot;)</span></code></p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.splitext"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">splitext</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(root,</span> <span class="pre">ext)</span></code> such that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">ext</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">path</span></code>, and <em>ext</em> is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one period. Leading periods on the basename are ignored; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitext('.cshrc')</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('.cshrc',</span> <span class="pre">'')</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.splitunc"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">splitunc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitunc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><div class="deprecated"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.1: </span>Use <em>splitdrive</em> instead.</p> </div> <p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(unc,</span> <span class="pre">rest)</span></code> so that <em>unc</em> is the UNC mount point (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\\host\mount'</span></code>), if present, and <em>rest</em> the rest of the path (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\path\file.ext'</span></code>). For paths containing drive letters, <em>unc</em> will always be the empty string.</p> <p>Availability: Windows.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="os.path.supports_unicode_filenames"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">supports_unicode_filenames</code><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.supports_unicode_filenames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations imposed by the file system).</p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="pathlib.html" title="previous chapter">11.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="fileinput.html" title="next chapter">11.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.6/Doc/library/os.path.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="fileinput.html" title="11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="pathlib.html" title="11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="filesys.html" >11. 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