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File Formats</a> &#187;</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-netrc"> <span id="netrc-netrc-file-processing"></span><h1>14.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-netrc" title="netrc: Loading of .netrc files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code></a> — netrc file processing<a class="headerlink" href="#module-netrc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/netrc.py">Lib/netrc.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#netrc.netrc" title="netrc.netrc"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code></a> class parses and encapsulates the netrc file format used by the Unix <strong class="program">ftp</strong> program and other FTP clients.</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="netrc.netrc"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">netrc.</code><code class="descname">netrc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>file</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#netrc.netrc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#netrc.netrc" title="netrc.netrc"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code></a> instance or subclass instance encapsulates data from a netrc file. The initialization argument, if present, specifies the file to parse. If no argument is given, the file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.netrc</span></code> in the user’s home directory will be read. Parse errors will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#netrc.NetrcParseError" title="netrc.NetrcParseError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NetrcParseError</span></code></a> with diagnostic information including the file name, line number, and terminating token. If no argument is specified on a POSIX system, the presence of passwords in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.netrc</span></code> file will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="#netrc.NetrcParseError" title="netrc.NetrcParseError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NetrcParseError</span></code></a> if the file ownership or permissions are insecure (owned by a user other than the user running the process, or accessible for read or write by any other user). This implements security behavior equivalent to that of ftp and other programs that use <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.netrc</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added the POSIX permission check.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="netrc.NetrcParseError"> <em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">netrc.</code><code class="descname">NetrcParseError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#netrc.NetrcParseError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Exception raised by the <a class="reference internal" href="#netrc.netrc" title="netrc.netrc"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code></a> class when syntactical errors are encountered in source text. Instances of this exception provide three interesting attributes: <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msg</span></code> is a textual explanation of the error, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> is the name of the source file, and <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lineno</span></code> gives the line number on which the error was found.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="netrc-objects"> <span id="id1"></span><h2>14.3.1. netrc Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#netrc-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#netrc.netrc" title="netrc.netrc"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code></a> instance has the following methods:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="netrc.netrc.authenticators"> <code class="descclassname">netrc.</code><code class="descname">authenticators</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>host</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#netrc.netrc.authenticators" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a 3-tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(login,</span> <span class="pre">account,</span> <span class="pre">password)</span></code> of authenticators for <em>host</em>. If the netrc file did not contain an entry for the given host, return the tuple associated with the ‘default’ entry. If neither matching host nor default entry is available, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="netrc.netrc.__repr__"> <code class="descclassname">netrc.</code><code class="descname">__repr__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#netrc.netrc.__repr__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Dump the class data as a string in the format of a netrc file. (This discards comments and may reorder the entries.)</p> </dd></dl> <p>Instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#netrc.netrc" title="netrc.netrc"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code></a> have public instance variables:</p> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="netrc.netrc.hosts"> <code class="descclassname">netrc.</code><code class="descname">hosts</code><a class="headerlink" href="#netrc.netrc.hosts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Dictionary mapping host names to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(login,</span> <span class="pre">account,</span> <span class="pre">password)</span></code> tuples. The ‘default’ entry, if any, is represented as a pseudo-host by that name.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="netrc.netrc.macros"> <code class="descclassname">netrc.</code><code class="descname">macros</code><a class="headerlink" href="#netrc.netrc.macros" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Dictionary mapping macro names to string lists.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Passwords are limited to a subset of the ASCII character set. All ASCII punctuation is allowed in passwords, however, note that whitespace and non-printable characters are not allowed in passwords. This is a limitation of the way the .netrc file is parsed and may be removed in the future.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">14.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code> — netrc file processing</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#netrc-objects">14.3.1. netrc Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="configparser.html" title="previous chapter">14.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">configparser</span></code> — Configuration file parser</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="xdrlib.html" title="next chapter">14.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.6/Doc/library/netrc.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="xdrlib.html" title="14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="configparser.html" title="14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="fileformats.html" >14. 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