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Internet Data Handling</a> &#187;</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-email"> <span id="email-an-email-and-mime-handling-package"></span><h1>19.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> — An email and MIME handling package<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/email/__init__.py">Lib/email/__init__.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package is a library for managing email messages. It is specifically <em>not</em> designed to do any sending of email messages to SMTP (<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821.html"><strong>RFC 2821</strong></a>), NNTP, or other servers; those are functions of modules such as <a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code></a>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package attempts to be as RFC-compliant as possible, supporting <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5233.html"><strong>RFC 5233</strong></a> and <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6532.html"><strong>RFC 6532</strong></a>, as well as such MIME-related RFCs as <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045.html"><strong>RFC 2045</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046.html"><strong>RFC 2046</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047.html"><strong>RFC 2047</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2183.html"><strong>RFC 2183</strong></a>, and <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a>.</p> <p>The overall structure of the email package can be divided into three major components, plus a fourth component that controls the behavior of the other components.</p> <p>The central component of the package is an “object model” that represents email messages. An application interacts with the package primarily through the object model interface defined in the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code></a> sub-module. The application can use this API to ask questions about an existing email, to construct a new email, or to add or remove email subcomponents that themselves use the same object model interface. That is, following the nature of email messages and their MIME subcomponents, the email object model is a tree structure of objects that all provide the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> API.</p> <p>The other two major components of the package are the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> and the <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>. The parser takes the serialized version of an email message (a stream of bytes) and converts it into a tree of <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> objects. The generator takes an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> and turns it back into a serialized byte stream. (The parser and generator also handle streams of text characters, but this usage is discouraged as it is too easy to end up with messages that are not valid in one way or another.)</p> <p>The control component is the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> module. Every <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>, every <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>, and every <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> has an associated <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> object that controls its behavior. Usually an application only needs to specify the policy when an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> is created, either by directly instantiating an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> to create a new email, or by parsing an input stream using a <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a>. But the policy can be changed when the message is serialized using a <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>. This allows, for example, a generic email message to be parsed from disk, but to serialize it using standard SMTP settings when sending it to an email server.</p> <p>The email package does its best to hide the details of the various governing RFCs from the application. Conceptually the application should be able to treat the email message as a structured tree of unicode text and binary attachments, without having to worry about how these are represented when serialized. In practice, however, it is often necessary to be aware of at least some of the rules governing MIME messages and their structure, specifically the names and nature of the MIME “content types” and how they identify multipart documents. For the most part this knowledge should only be required for more complex applications, and even then it should only be the high level structure in question, and not the details of how those structures are represented. Since MIME content types are used widely in modern internet software (not just email), this will be a familiar concept to many programmers.</p> <p>The following sections describe the functionality of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package. We start with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code></a> object model, which is the primary interface an application will use, and follow that with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a> components. Then we cover the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> controls, which completes the treatment of the main components of the library.</p> <p>The next three sections cover the exceptions the package may raise and the defects (non-compliance with the RFCs) that the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> may detect. Then we cover the <a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html#module-email.headerregistry" title="email.headerregistry: Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">headerregistry</span></code></a> and the <a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#module-email.contentmanager" title="email.contentmanager: Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contentmanager</span></code></a> sub-components, which provide tools for doing more detailed manipulation of headers and payloads, respectively. Both of these components contain features relevant to consuming and producing non-trivial messages, but also document their extensibility APIs, which will be of interest to advanced applications.</p> <p>Following those is a set of examples of using the fundamental parts of the APIs covered in the preceding sections.</p> <p>The forgoing represent the modern (unicode friendly) API of the email package. The remaining sections, starting with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a> class, cover the legacy <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API that deals much more directly with the details of how email messages are represented. The <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API does <em>not</em> hide the details of the RFCs from the application, but for applications that need to operate at that level, they can be useful tools. This documentation is also relevant for applications that are still using the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API for backward compatibility reasons.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Docs reorganized and rewritten to promote the new <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.EmailPolicy" title="email.policy.EmailPolicy"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailPolicy</span></code></a> API.</p> </div> <p>Contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package documentation:</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html">19.1.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code>: Representing an email message</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html">19.1.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code>: Parsing email messages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#feedparser-api">19.1.2.1. FeedParser API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#parser-api">19.1.2.2. Parser API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#additional-notes">19.1.2.3. Additional notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html">19.1.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code>: Generating MIME documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html">19.1.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code>: Policy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.errors.html">19.1.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html">19.1.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.headerregistry</span></code>: Custom Header Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html">19.1.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.contentmanager</span></code>: Managing MIME Content</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#content-manager-instances">19.1.7.1. Content Manager Instances</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.examples.html">19.1.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code>: Examples</a></li> </ul> </div> <p>Legacy API:</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html">19.1.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></code>: Representing an email message using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code> API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.mime.html">19.1.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></code>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.header.html">19.1.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.header</span></code>: Internationalized headers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.charset.html">19.1.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.charset</span></code>: Representing character sets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.encoders.html">19.1.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.encoders</span></code>: Encoders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.util.html">19.1.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.iterators.html">19.1.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></code>: Iterators</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a></dt> <dd>SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) client</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#module-poplib" title="poplib: POP3 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code></a></dt> <dd>POP (Post Office Protocol) client</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#module-imaplib" title="imaplib: IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code></a></dt> <dd>IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) client</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code></a></dt> <dd>NNTP (Net News Transport Protocol) client</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code></a></dt> <dd>Tools for creating, reading, and managing collections of messages on disk using a variety standard formats.</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#module-smtpd" title="smtpd: A SMTP server implementation in Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code></a></dt> <dd>SMTP server framework (primarily useful for testing)</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="netdata.html" title="previous chapter">19. 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