PNG  IHDRX cHRMz&u0`:pQ<bKGD pHYsodtIME MeqIDATxw]Wug^Qd˶ 6`!N:!@xI~)%7%@Bh&`lnjVF29gΨ4E$|>cɚ{gk= %,a KX%,a KX%,a KX%,a KX%,a KX%,a KX%, b` ǟzeאfp]<!SJmɤY޲ڿ,%c ~ع9VH.!Ͳz&QynֺTkRR.BLHi٪:l;@(!MԴ=žI,:o&N'Kù\vRmJ雵֫AWic H@" !: Cé||]k-Ha oݜ:y F())u]aG7*JV@J415p=sZH!=!DRʯvɱh~V\}v/GKY$n]"X"}t@ xS76^[bw4dsce)2dU0 CkMa-U5tvLƀ~mlMwfGE/-]7XAƟ`׮g ewxwC4\[~7@O-Q( a*XGƒ{ ՟}$_y3tĐƤatgvێi|K=uVyrŲlLӪuܿzwk$m87k( `múcE)"@rK( z4$D; 2kW=Xb$V[Ru819קR~qloѱDyįݎ*mxw]y5e4K@ЃI0A D@"BDk_)N\8͜9dz"fK0zɿvM /.:2O{ Nb=M=7>??Zuo32 DLD@D| &+֎C #B8ַ`bOb $D#ͮҪtx]%`ES`Ru[=¾!@Od37LJ0!OIR4m]GZRJu$‡c=%~s@6SKy?CeIh:[vR@Lh | (BhAMy=݃  G"'wzn޺~8ԽSh ~T*A:xR[ܹ?X[uKL_=fDȊ؂p0}7=D$Ekq!/t.*2ʼnDbŞ}DijYaȲ(""6HA;:LzxQ‘(SQQ}*PL*fc\s `/d'QXW, e`#kPGZuŞuO{{wm[&NBTiiI0bukcA9<4@SӊH*؎4U/'2U5.(9JuDfrޱtycU%j(:RUbArLֺN)udA':uGQN"-"Is.*+k@ `Ojs@yU/ H:l;@yyTn}_yw!VkRJ4P)~y#)r,D =ě"Q]ci'%HI4ZL0"MJy 8A{ aN<8D"1#IJi >XjX֔#@>-{vN!8tRݻ^)N_╗FJEk]CT՟ YP:_|H1@ CBk]yKYp|og?*dGvzنzӴzjֺNkC~AbZƷ`.H)=!QͷVTT(| u78y֮}|[8-Vjp%2JPk[}ԉaH8Wpqhwr:vWª<}l77_~{s۴V+RCģ%WRZ\AqHifɤL36: #F:p]Bq/z{0CU6ݳEv_^k7'>sq*+kH%a`0ԣisqにtү04gVgW΂iJiS'3w.w}l6MC2uԯ|>JF5`fV5m`Y**Db1FKNttu]4ccsQNnex/87+}xaUW9y>ͯ骵G{䩓Գ3+vU}~jJ.NFRD7<aJDB1#ҳgSb,+CS?/ VG J?|?,2#M9}B)MiE+G`-wo߫V`fio(}S^4e~V4bHOYb"b#E)dda:'?}׮4繏`{7Z"uny-?ǹ;0MKx{:_pÚmFמ:F " .LFQLG)Q8qN q¯¯3wOvxDb\. BKD9_NN &L:4D{mm o^tֽ:q!ƥ}K+<"m78N< ywsard5+Š²z~mnG)=}lYݧNj'QJS{S :UYS-952?&O-:W}(!6Mk4+>A>j+i|<<|;ر^߉=HE|V#F)Emm#}/"y GII웻Jі94+v뾧xu~5C95~ūH>c@덉pʃ1/4-A2G%7>m;–Y,cyyaln" ?ƻ!ʪ<{~h~i y.zZB̃/,雋SiC/JFMmBH&&FAbϓO^tubbb_hZ{_QZ-sύodFgO(6]TJA˯#`۶ɟ( %$&+V'~hiYy>922 Wp74Zkq+Ovn錄c>8~GqܲcWꂎz@"1A.}T)uiW4="jJ2W7mU/N0gcqܗOO}?9/wìXžΏ0 >֩(V^Rh32!Hj5`;O28؇2#ݕf3 ?sJd8NJ@7O0 b־?lldщ̡&|9C.8RTWwxWy46ah嘦mh٤&l zCy!PY?: CJyв]dm4ǜҐR޻RլhX{FƯanшQI@x' ao(kUUuxW_Ñ줮[w8 FRJ(8˼)_mQ _!RJhm=!cVmm ?sFOnll6Qk}alY}; "baӌ~M0w,Ggw2W:G/k2%R,_=u`WU R.9T"v,<\Ik޽/2110Ӿxc0gyC&Ny޽JҢrV6N ``یeA16"J³+Rj*;BϜkZPJaÍ<Jyw:NP8/D$ 011z֊Ⱳ3ι֘k1V_"h!JPIΣ'ɜ* aEAd:ݺ>y<}Lp&PlRfTb1]o .2EW\ͮ]38؋rTJsǏP@芎sF\> P^+dYJLbJ C-xϐn> ι$nj,;Ǖa FU *择|h ~izť3ᤓ`K'-f tL7JK+vf2)V'-sFuB4i+m+@My=O҈0"|Yxoj,3]:cо3 $#uŘ%Y"y죯LebqtҢVzq¼X)~>4L׶m~[1_k?kxֺQ`\ |ٛY4Ѯr!)N9{56(iNq}O()Em]=F&u?$HypWUeB\k]JɩSع9 Zqg4ZĊo oMcjZBU]B\TUd34ݝ~:7ڶSUsB0Z3srx 7`:5xcx !qZA!;%͚7&P H<WL!džOb5kF)xor^aujƍ7 Ǡ8/p^(L>ὴ-B,{ۇWzֺ^k]3\EE@7>lYBȝR.oHnXO/}sB|.i@ɥDB4tcm,@ӣgdtJ!lH$_vN166L__'Z)y&kH;:,Y7=J 9cG) V\hjiE;gya~%ks_nC~Er er)muuMg2;֫R)Md) ,¶ 2-wr#F7<-BBn~_(o=KO㭇[Xv eN_SMgSҐ BS헃D%g_N:/pe -wkG*9yYSZS.9cREL !k}<4_Xs#FmҶ:7R$i,fi!~' # !6/S6y@kZkZcX)%5V4P]VGYq%H1!;e1MV<!ϐHO021Dp= HMs~~a)ަu7G^];git!Frl]H/L$=AeUvZE4P\.,xi {-~p?2b#amXAHq)MWǾI_r`S Hz&|{ +ʖ_= (YS(_g0a03M`I&'9vl?MM+m~}*xT۲(fY*V4x@29s{DaY"toGNTO+xCAO~4Ϳ;p`Ѫ:>Ҵ7K 3}+0 387x\)a"/E>qpWB=1 ¨"MP(\xp߫́A3+J] n[ʼnӼaTbZUWb={~2ooKױӰp(CS\S筐R*JغV&&"FA}J>G֐p1ٸbk7 ŘH$JoN <8s^yk_[;gy-;߉DV{c B yce% aJhDȶ 2IdйIB/^n0tNtџdcKj4϶v~- CBcgqx9= PJ) dMsjpYB] GD4RDWX +h{y`,3ꊕ$`zj*N^TP4L:Iz9~6s) Ga:?y*J~?OrMwP\](21sZUD ?ܟQ5Q%ggW6QdO+\@ ̪X'GxN @'4=ˋ+*VwN ne_|(/BDfj5(Dq<*tNt1х!MV.C0 32b#?n0pzj#!38}޴o1KovCJ`8ŗ_"]] rDUy޲@ Ȗ-;xџ'^Y`zEd?0„ DAL18IS]VGq\4o !swV7ˣι%4FѮ~}6)OgS[~Q vcYbL!wG3 7띸*E Pql8=jT\꘿I(z<[6OrR8ºC~ډ]=rNl[g|v TMTղb-o}OrP^Q]<98S¤!k)G(Vkwyqyr޽Nv`N/e p/~NAOk \I:G6]4+K;j$R:Mi #*[AȚT,ʰ,;N{HZTGMoּy) ]%dHء9Պ䠬|<45,\=[bƟ8QXeB3- &dҩ^{>/86bXmZ]]yޚN[(WAHL$YAgDKp=5GHjU&99v簪C0vygln*P)9^͞}lMuiH!̍#DoRBn9l@ xA/_v=ȺT{7Yt2N"4!YN`ae >Q<XMydEB`VU}u]嫇.%e^ánE87Mu\t`cP=AD/G)sI"@MP;)]%fH9'FNsj1pVhY&9=0pfuJ&gޤx+k:!r˭wkl03׼Ku C &ѓYt{.O.zҏ z}/tf_wEp2gvX)GN#I ݭ߽v/ .& и(ZF{e"=V!{zW`, ]+LGz"(UJp|j( #V4, 8B 0 9OkRrlɱl94)'VH9=9W|>PS['G(*I1==C<5"Pg+x'K5EMd؞Af8lG ?D FtoB[je?{k3zQ vZ;%Ɠ,]E>KZ+T/ EJxOZ1i #T<@ I}q9/t'zi(EMqw`mYkU6;[t4DPeckeM;H}_g pMww}k6#H㶏+b8雡Sxp)&C $@'b,fPߑt$RbJ'vznuS ~8='72_`{q纶|Q)Xk}cPz9p7O:'|G~8wx(a 0QCko|0ASD>Ip=4Q, d|F8RcU"/KM opKle M3#i0c%<7׿p&pZq[TR"BpqauIp$ 8~Ĩ!8Սx\ւdT>>Z40ks7 z2IQ}ItԀ<-%S⍤};zIb$I 5K}Q͙D8UguWE$Jh )cu4N tZl+[]M4k8֦Zeq֮M7uIqG 1==tLtR,ƜSrHYt&QP윯Lg' I,3@P'}'R˪e/%-Auv·ñ\> vDJzlӾNv5:|K/Jb6KI9)Zh*ZAi`?S {aiVDԲuy5W7pWeQJk֤#5&V<̺@/GH?^τZL|IJNvI:'P=Ϛt"¨=cud S Q.Ki0 !cJy;LJR;G{BJy޺[^8fK6)=yʊ+(k|&xQ2`L?Ȓ2@Mf 0C`6-%pKpm')c$׻K5[J*U[/#hH!6acB JA _|uMvDyk y)6OPYjœ50VT K}cǻP[ $:]4MEA.y)|B)cf-A?(e|lɉ#P9V)[9t.EiQPDѠ3ϴ;E:+Օ t ȥ~|_N2,ZJLt4! %ա]u {+=p.GhNcŞQI?Nd'yeh n7zi1DB)1S | S#ًZs2|Ɛy$F SxeX{7Vl.Src3E℃Q>b6G ўYCmtկ~=K0f(=LrAS GN'ɹ9<\!a`)֕y[uՍ[09` 9 +57ts6}b4{oqd+J5fa/,97J#6yν99mRWxJyѡyu_TJc`~W>l^q#Ts#2"nD1%fS)FU w{ܯ R{ ˎ󅃏џDsZSQS;LV;7 Od1&1n$ N /.q3~eNɪ]E#oM~}v֯FڦwyZ=<<>Xo稯lfMFV6p02|*=tV!c~]fa5Y^Q_WN|Vs 0ҘދU97OI'N2'8N֭fgg-}V%y]U4 峧p*91#9U kCac_AFңĪy뚇Y_AiuYyTTYЗ-(!JFLt›17uTozc. S;7A&&<ԋ5y;Ro+:' *eYJkWR[@F %SHWP 72k4 qLd'J "zB6{AC0ƁA6U.'F3:Ȅ(9ΜL;D]m8ڥ9}dU "v!;*13Rg^fJyShyy5auA?ɩGHRjo^]׽S)Fm\toy 4WQS@mE#%5ʈfFYDX ~D5Ϡ9tE9So_aU4?Ѽm%&c{n>.KW1Tlb}:j uGi(JgcYj0qn+>) %\!4{LaJso d||u//P_y7iRJ߬nHOy) l+@$($VFIQ9%EeKʈU. ia&FY̒mZ=)+qqoQn >L!qCiDB;Y<%} OgBxB!ØuG)WG9y(Ą{_yesuZmZZey'Wg#C~1Cev@0D $a@˲(.._GimA:uyw֬%;@!JkQVM_Ow:P.s\)ot- ˹"`B,e CRtaEUP<0'}r3[>?G8xU~Nqu;Wm8\RIkբ^5@k+5(By'L&'gBJ3ݶ!/㮻w҅ yqPWUg<e"Qy*167΃sJ\oz]T*UQ<\FԎ`HaNmڜ6DysCask8wP8y9``GJ9lF\G g's Nn͵MLN֪u$| /|7=]O)6s !ĴAKh]q_ap $HH'\1jB^s\|- W1:=6lJBqjY^LsPk""`]w)󭃈,(HC ?䔨Y$Sʣ{4Z+0NvQkhol6C.婧/u]FwiVjZka&%6\F*Ny#8O,22+|Db~d ~Çwc N:FuuCe&oZ(l;@ee-+Wn`44AMK➝2BRՈt7g*1gph9N) *"TF*R(#'88pm=}X]u[i7bEc|\~EMn}P瘊J)K.0i1M6=7'_\kaZ(Th{K*GJyytw"IO-PWJk)..axӝ47"89Cc7ĐBiZx 7m!fy|ϿF9CbȩV 9V-՛^pV̌ɄS#Bv4-@]Vxt-Z, &ֺ*diؠ2^VXbs֔Ìl.jQ]Y[47gj=幽ex)A0ip׳ W2[ᎇhuE^~q흙L} #-b۸oFJ_QP3r6jr+"nfzRJTUqoaۍ /$d8Mx'ݓ= OՃ| )$2mcM*cЙj}f };n YG w0Ia!1Q.oYfr]DyISaP}"dIӗթO67jqR ҊƐƈaɤGG|h;t]䗖oSv|iZqX)oalv;۩meEJ\!8=$4QU4Xo&VEĊ YS^E#d,yX_> ۘ-e\ "Wa6uLĜZi`aD9.% w~mB(02G[6y.773a7 /=o7D)$Z 66 $bY^\CuP. (x'"J60׿Y:Oi;F{w佩b+\Yi`TDWa~|VH)8q/=9!g߆2Y)?ND)%?Ǐ`k/sn:;O299yB=a[Ng 3˲N}vLNy;*?x?~L&=xyӴ~}q{qE*IQ^^ͧvü{Huu=R|>JyUlZV, B~/YF!Y\u_ݼF{_C)LD]m {H 0ihhadd nUkf3oٺCvE\)QJi+֥@tDJkB$1!Đr0XQ|q?d2) Ӣ_}qv-< FŊ߫%roppVBwü~JidY4:}L6M7f٬F "?71<2#?Jyy4뷢<_a7_=Q E=S1И/9{+93֮E{ǂw{))?maÆm(uLE#lïZ  ~d];+]h j?!|$F}*"4(v'8s<ŏUkm7^7no1w2ؗ}TrͿEk>p'8OB7d7R(A 9.*Mi^ͳ; eeUwS+C)uO@ =Sy]` }l8^ZzRXj[^iUɺ$tj))<sbDJfg=Pk_{xaKo1:-uyG0M ԃ\0Lvuy'ȱc2Ji AdyVgVh!{]/&}}ċJ#%d !+87<;qN޼Nفl|1N:8ya  8}k¾+-$4FiZYÔXk*I&'@iI99)HSh4+2G:tGhS^繿 Kتm0 вDk}֚+QT4;sC}rՅE,8CX-e~>G&'9xpW,%Fh,Ry56Y–hW-(v_,? ; qrBk4-V7HQ;ˇ^Gv1JVV%,ik;D_W!))+BoS4QsTM;gt+ndS-~:11Sgv!0qRVh!"Ȋ(̦Yl.]PQWgٳE'`%W1{ndΗBk|Ž7ʒR~,lnoa&:ü$ 3<a[CBݮwt"o\ePJ=Hz"_c^Z.#ˆ*x z̝grY]tdkP*:97YľXyBkD4N.C_[;F9`8& !AMO c `@BA& Ost\-\NX+Xp < !bj3C&QL+*&kAQ=04}cC!9~820G'PC9xa!w&bo_1 Sw"ܱ V )Yl3+ס2KoXOx]"`^WOy :3GO0g;%Yv㐫(R/r (s } u B &FeYZh0y> =2<Ϟc/ -u= c&׭,.0"g"7 6T!vl#sc>{u/Oh Bᾈ)۴74]x7 gMӒ"d]U)}" v4co[ ɡs 5Gg=XR14?5A}D "b{0$L .\4y{_fe:kVS\\O]c^W52LSBDM! C3Dhr̦RtArx4&agaN3Cf<Ԉp4~ B'"1@.b_/xQ} _߃҉/gٓ2Qkqp0շpZ2fԫYz< 4L.Cyυι1t@鎫Fe sYfsF}^ V}N<_`p)alٶ "(XEAVZ<)2},:Ir*#m_YӼ R%a||EƼIJ,,+f"96r/}0jE/)s)cjW#w'Sʯ5<66lj$a~3Kʛy 2:cZ:Yh))+a߭K::N,Q F'qB]={.]h85C9cr=}*rk?vwV렵ٸW Rs%}rNAkDv|uFLBkWY YkX מ|)1!$#3%y?pF<@<Rr0}: }\J [5FRxY<9"SQdE(Q*Qʻ)q1E0B_O24[U'],lOb ]~WjHޏTQ5Syu wq)xnw8~)c 쫬gٲߠ H% k5dƝk> kEj,0% b"vi2Wس_CuK)K{n|>t{P1򨾜j>'kEkƗBg*H%'_aY6Bn!TL&ɌOb{c`'d^{t\i^[uɐ[}q0lM˕G:‚4kb祔c^:?bpg… +37stH:0}en6x˟%/<]BL&* 5&fK9Mq)/iyqtA%kUe[ڛKN]Ě^,"`/ s[EQQm?|XJ߅92m]G.E΃ח U*Cn.j_)Tѧj̿30ڇ!A0=͜ar I3$C^-9#|pk!)?7.x9 @OO;WƝZBFU keZ75F6Tc6"ZȚs2y/1 ʵ:u4xa`C>6Rb/Yм)^=+~uRd`/|_8xbB0?Ft||Z\##|K 0>>zxv8۴吅q 8ĥ)"6>~\8:qM}#͚'ĉ#p\׶ l#bA?)|g g9|8jP(cr,BwV (WliVxxᡁ@0Okn;ɥh$_ckCgriv}>=wGzβ KkBɛ[˪ !J)h&k2%07δt}!d<9;I&0wV/ v 0<H}L&8ob%Hi|޶o&h1L|u֦y~󛱢8fٲUsւ)0oiFx2}X[zVYr_;N(w]_4B@OanC?gĦx>мgx>ΛToZoOMp>40>V Oy V9iq!4 LN,ˢu{jsz]|"R޻&'ƚ{53ўFu(<٪9:΋]B;)B>1::8;~)Yt|0(pw2N%&X,URBK)3\zz&}ax4;ǟ(tLNg{N|Ǽ\G#C9g$^\}p?556]/RP.90 k,U8/u776s ʪ_01چ|\N 0VV*3H鴃J7iI!wG_^ypl}r*jɤSR 5QN@ iZ#1ٰy;_\3\BQQ x:WJv츟ٯ$"@6 S#qe딇(/P( Dy~TOϻ<4:-+F`0||;Xl-"uw$Цi󼕝mKʩorz"mϺ$F:~E'ҐvD\y?Rr8_He@ e~O,T.(ފR*cY^m|cVR[8 JҡSm!ΆԨb)RHG{?MpqrmN>߶Y)\p,d#xۆWY*,l6]v0h15M˙MS8+EdI='LBJIH7_9{Caз*Lq,dt >+~ّeʏ?xԕ4bBAŚjﵫ!'\Ը$WNvKO}ӽmSşذqsOy?\[,d@'73'j%kOe`1.g2"e =YIzS2|zŐƄa\U,dP;jhhhaxǶ?КZ՚.q SE+XrbOu%\GتX(H,N^~]JyEZQKceTQ]VGYqnah;y$cQahT&QPZ*iZ8UQQM.qo/T\7X"u?Mttl2Xq(IoW{R^ ux*SYJ! 4S.Jy~ BROS[V|žKNɛP(L6V^|cR7i7nZW1Fd@ Ara{詑|(T*dN]Ko?s=@ |_EvF]׍kR)eBJc" MUUbY6`~V޴dJKß&~'d3i WWWWWW

F1l3 Manager

Current Directory: /usr/share/doc/python3-docs/html/library
/usr/share/doc/python3-docs/html/library/
Viewing File: /usr/share/doc/python3-docs/html/library/2to3.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation &#8212; Python 3.6.7 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.6.7 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="26.8. test — Regression tests package for Python" href="test.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="26.6. unittest.mock — getting started" href="unittest.mock-examples.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/2to3.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="test.html" title="26.8. test — Regression tests package for Python" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="unittest.mock-examples.html" title="26.6. unittest.mock — getting started" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="development.html" accesskey="U">26. Development Tools</a> &#187;</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="to3-automated-python-2-to-3-code-translation"> <span id="to3-reference"></span><h1>26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation<a class="headerlink" href="#to3-automated-python-2-to-3-code-translation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>2to3 is a Python program that reads Python 2.x source code and applies a series of <em>fixers</em> to transform it into valid Python 3.x code. The standard library contains a rich set of fixers that will handle almost all code. 2to3 supporting library <a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3" title="lib2to3: the 2to3 library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code></a> is, however, a flexible and generic library, so it is possible to write your own fixers for 2to3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3" title="lib2to3: the 2to3 library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code></a> could also be adapted to custom applications in which Python code needs to be edited automatically.</p> <div class="section" id="using-2to3"> <span id="to3-using"></span><h2>26.7.1. Using 2to3<a class="headerlink" href="#using-2to3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>2to3 will usually be installed with the Python interpreter as a script. It is also located in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tools/scripts</span></code> directory of the Python root.</p> <p>2to3’s basic arguments are a list of files or directories to transform. The directories are recursively traversed for Python sources.</p> <p>Here is a sample Python 2.x source file, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example.py</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">greet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Hello, </span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s2">!&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s2">&quot;What&#39;s your name?&quot;</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">raw_input</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">greet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>It can be converted to Python 3.x code via 2to3 on the command line:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> 2to3 example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>A diff against the original source file is printed. 2to3 can also write the needed modifications right back to the source file. (A backup of the original file is made unless <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> is also given.) Writing the changes back is enabled with the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w</span></code> flag:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> 2to3 -w example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>After transformation, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example.py</span></code> looks like this:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">greet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Hello, </span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s2">!&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;What&#39;s your name?&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">greet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Comments and exact indentation are preserved throughout the translation process.</p> <p>By default, 2to3 runs a set of <a class="reference internal" href="#to3-fixers"><span class="std std-ref">predefined fixers</span></a>. The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-l</span></code> flag lists all available fixers. An explicit set of fixers to run can be given with <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-f</span></code>. Likewise the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-x</span></code> explicitly disables a fixer. The following example runs only the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imports</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">has_key</span></code> fixers:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> 2to3 -f imports -f has_key example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>This command runs every fixer except the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">apply</span></code> fixer:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> 2to3 -x apply example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>Some fixers are <em>explicit</em>, meaning they aren’t run by default and must be listed on the command line to be run. Here, in addition to the default fixers, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">idioms</span></code> fixer is run:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> 2to3 -f all -f idioms example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>Notice how passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">all</span></code> enables all default fixers.</p> <p>Sometimes 2to3 will find a place in your source code that needs to be changed, but 2to3 cannot fix automatically. In this case, 2to3 will print a warning beneath the diff for a file. You should address the warning in order to have compliant 3.x code.</p> <p>2to3 can also refactor doctests. To enable this mode, use the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-d</span></code> flag. Note that <em>only</em> doctests will be refactored. This also doesn’t require the module to be valid Python. For example, doctest like examples in a reST document could also be refactored with this option.</p> <p>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-v</span></code> option enables output of more information on the translation process.</p> <p>Since some print statements can be parsed as function calls or statements, 2to3 cannot always read files containing the print function. When 2to3 detects the presence of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">print_function</span></code> compiler directive, it modifies its internal grammar to interpret <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code></a> as a function. This change can also be enabled manually with the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-p</span></code> flag. Use <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-p</span></code> to run fixers on code that already has had its print statements converted.</p> <p>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code> or <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-dir</span></code> option allows specification of an alternate directory for processed output files to be written to. The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> flag is required when using this as backup files do not make sense when not overwriting the input files.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.3: </span>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code> option was added.</p> </div> <p>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-W</span></code> or <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--write-unchanged-files</span></code> flag tells 2to3 to always write output files even if no changes were required to the file. This is most useful with <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code> so that an entire Python source tree is copied with translation from one directory to another. This option implies the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w</span></code> flag as it would not make sense otherwise.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.3: </span>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-W</span></code> flag was added.</p> </div> <p>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--add-suffix</span></code> option specifies a string to append to all output filenames. The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> flag is required when specifying this as backups are not necessary when writing to different filenames. Example:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> 2to3 -n -W --add-suffix<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">3</span> example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>Will cause a converted file named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example.py3</span></code> to be written.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.3: </span>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--add-suffix</span></code> option was added.</p> </div> <p>To translate an entire project from one directory tree to another use:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> 2to3 --output-dir<span class="o">=</span>python3-version/mycode -W -n python2-version/mycode </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="fixers"> <span id="to3-fixers"></span><h2>26.7.2. Fixers<a class="headerlink" href="#fixers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Each step of transforming code is encapsulated in a fixer. The command <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2to3</span> <span class="pre">-l</span></code> lists them. As <a class="reference internal" href="#to3-using"><span class="std std-ref">documented above</span></a>, each can be turned on and off individually. They are described here in more detail.</p> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-apply"> <code class="descname">apply</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-apply" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes usage of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">apply()</span></code>. For example <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">apply(function,</span> <span class="pre">*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-asserts"> <code class="descname">asserts</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-asserts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Replaces deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code></a> method names with the correct ones.</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="43%" /> <col width="57%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">From</th> <th class="head">To</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failUnlessEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertEquals(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failIfEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotEquals(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failUnless(a)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTrue"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertTrue(a)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assert_(a)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTrue"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertTrue(a)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failIf(a)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertFalse" title="unittest.TestCase.assertFalse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertFalse(a)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failUnlessRaises(exc,</span> <span class="pre">cal)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertRaises(exc,</span> <span class="pre">cal)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failUnlessAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEquals(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failIfAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEquals(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-basestring"> <code class="descname">basestring</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-basestring" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basestring</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-buffer"> <code class="descname">buffer</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-buffer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#memoryview" title="memoryview"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a>. This fixer is optional because the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#memoryview" title="memoryview"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a> API is similar but not exactly the same as that of <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-dict"> <code class="descname">dict</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-dict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes dictionary iteration methods. <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.iteritems()</span></code> is converted to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.items" title="dict.items"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.items()</span></code></a>, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.iterkeys()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.keys" title="dict.keys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.keys()</span></code></a>, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.itervalues()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.values" title="dict.values"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.values()</span></code></a>. Similarly, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.viewitems()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.viewkeys()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.viewvalues()</span></code> are converted respectively to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.items" title="dict.items"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.items()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.keys" title="dict.keys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.keys()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.values" title="dict.values"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.values()</span></code></a>. It also wraps existing usages of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.items" title="dict.items"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.items()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.keys" title="dict.keys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.keys()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.values" title="dict.values"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.values()</span></code></a> in a call to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-except"> <code class="descname">except</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-except" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span> <span class="pre">X,</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span> <span class="pre">X</span> <span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-exec"> <code class="descname">exec</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-exec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> statement to the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a> function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-execfile"> <code class="descname">execfile</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-execfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes usage of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execfile()</span></code>. The argument to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execfile()</span></code> is wrapped in calls to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-exitfunc"> <code class="descname">exitfunc</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-exitfunc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes assignment of <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exitfunc</span></code> to use of the <a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> module.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-filter"> <code class="descname">filter</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-filter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Wraps <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#filter" title="filter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filter()</span></code></a> usage in a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> call.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-funcattrs"> <code class="descname">funcattrs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-funcattrs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes function attributes that have been renamed. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_function.func_closure</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_function.__closure__</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-future"> <code class="descname">future</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-future" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">new_feature</span></code> statements.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-getcwdu"> <code class="descname">getcwdu</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-getcwdu" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.getcwdu()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.getcwd" title="os.getcwd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.getcwd()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-has_key"> <code class="descname">has_key</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-has_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.has_key(key)</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">dict</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-idioms"> <code class="descname">idioms</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-idioms" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This optional fixer performs several transformations that make Python code more idiomatic. Type comparisons like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type(x)</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">SomeClass</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type(x)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">SomeClass</span></code> are converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">SomeClass)</span></code>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">while</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> becomes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">while</span> <span class="pre">True</span></code>. This fixer also tries to make use of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></code></a> in appropriate places. For example, this block</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">L</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>is changed to</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-import"> <code class="descname">import</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-import" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Detects sibling imports and converts them to relative imports.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-imports"> <code class="descname">imports</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-imports" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Handles module renames in the standard library.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-imports2"> <code class="descname">imports2</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-imports2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Handles other modules renames in the standard library. It is separate from the <a class="reference internal" href="#2to3fixer-imports"><code class="xref std std-2to3fixer docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imports</span></code></a> fixer only because of technical limitations.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-input"> <code class="descname">input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input(prompt)</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval(input(prompt))</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-intern"> <code class="descname">intern</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-intern" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">intern()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.intern" title="sys.intern"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.intern()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-isinstance"> <code class="descname">isinstance</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-isinstance" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes duplicate types in the second argument of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#isinstance" title="isinstance"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance()</span></code></a>. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">(int,</span> <span class="pre">int))</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">int)</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">(int,</span> <span class="pre">float,</span> <span class="pre">int))</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">(int,</span> <span class="pre">float))</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-itertools_imports"> <code class="descname">itertools_imports</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-itertools_imports" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes imports of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.ifilter()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.izip()</span></code>, and <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.imap()</span></code>. Imports of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.ifilterfalse()</span></code> are also changed to <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.filterfalse" title="itertools.filterfalse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.filterfalse()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-itertools"> <code class="descname">itertools</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-itertools" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes usage of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.ifilter()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.izip()</span></code>, and <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.imap()</span></code> to their built-in equivalents. <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.ifilterfalse()</span></code> is changed to <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.filterfalse" title="itertools.filterfalse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.filterfalse()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-long"> <code class="descname">long</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-long" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-map"> <code class="descname">map</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-map" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Wraps <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map()</span></code></a> in a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> call. It also changes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map(None,</span> <span class="pre">x)</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list(x)</span></code>. Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">future_builtins</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">map</span></code> disables this fixer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-metaclass"> <code class="descname">metaclass</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-metaclass" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the old metaclass syntax (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__metaclass__</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">Meta</span></code> in the class body) to the new (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span> <span class="pre">X(metaclass=Meta)</span></code>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-methodattrs"> <code class="descname">methodattrs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-methodattrs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes old method attribute names. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">meth.im_func</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">meth.__func__</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-ne"> <code class="descname">ne</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-ne" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the old not-equal syntax, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;&gt;</span></code>, to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!=</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-next"> <code class="descname">next</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-next" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the use of iterator’s <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next()</span></code> methods to the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#next" title="next"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next()</span></code></a> function. It also renames <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#next" title="next"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next()</span></code></a> methods to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__" title="iterator.__next__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__next__()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-nonzero"> <code class="descname">nonzero</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-nonzero" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__nonzero__()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__bool__" title="object.__bool__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__bool__()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-numliterals"> <code class="descname">numliterals</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-numliterals" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts octal literals into the new syntax.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-operator"> <code class="descname">operator</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-operator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts calls to various functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="operator.html#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module to other, but equivalent, function calls. When needed, the appropriate <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statements are added, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">collections</span></code>. The following mapping are made:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="45%" /> <col width="55%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">From</th> <th class="head">To</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.isCallable(obj)</span></code></td> <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hasattr(obj,</span> <span class="pre">'__call__')</span></code></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.sequenceIncludes(obj)</span></code></td> <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.contains(obj)</span></code></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.isSequenceType(obj)</span></code></td> <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(obj,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Sequence)</span></code></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.isMappingType(obj)</span></code></td> <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(obj,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Mapping)</span></code></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.isNumberType(obj)</span></code></td> <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(obj,</span> <span class="pre">numbers.Number)</span></code></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.repeat(obj,</span> <span class="pre">n)</span></code></td> <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.mul(obj,</span> <span class="pre">n)</span></code></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.irepeat(obj,</span> <span class="pre">n)</span></code></td> <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.imul(obj,</span> <span class="pre">n)</span></code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-paren"> <code class="descname">paren</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-paren" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Add extra parenthesis where they are required in list comprehensions. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[x</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">2]</span></code> becomes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[x</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">(1,</span> <span class="pre">2)]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-print"> <code class="descname">print</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-print" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> statement to the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code></a> function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-raise"> <code class="descname">raise</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-raise" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">E,</span> <span class="pre">V</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">E(V)</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">E,</span> <span class="pre">V,</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">E(V).with_traceback(T)</span></code>. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">E</span></code> is a tuple, the translation will be incorrect because substituting tuples for exceptions has been removed in 3.0.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-raw_input"> <code class="descname">raw_input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-raw_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raw_input()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input" title="input"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-reduce"> <code class="descname">reduce</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-reduce" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Handles the move of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reduce()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="functools.html#functools.reduce" title="functools.reduce"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools.reduce()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-reload"> <code class="descname">reload</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-reload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reload()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="imp.html#imp.reload" title="imp.reload"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp.reload()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-renames"> <code class="descname">renames</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-renames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.maxint</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.maxsize" title="sys.maxsize"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.maxsize</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-repr"> <code class="descname">repr</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-repr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Replaces backtick repr with the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a> function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-set_literal"> <code class="descname">set_literal</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-set_literal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Replaces use of the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> constructor with set literals. This fixer is optional.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-standarderror"> <code class="descname">standarderror</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-standarderror" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StandardError</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-sys_exc"> <code class="descname">sys_exc</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-sys_exc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes the deprecated <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_value</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_type</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_traceback</span></code> to use <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-throw"> <code class="descname">throw</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-throw" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes the API change in generator’s <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">throw()</span></code> method.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-tuple_params"> <code class="descname">tuple_params</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-tuple_params" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes implicit tuple parameter unpacking. This fixer inserts temporary variables.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-types"> <code class="descname">types</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-types" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes code broken from the removal of some members in the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#module-types" title="types: Names for built-in types."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code></a> module.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-unicode"> <code class="descname">unicode</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-urllib"> <code class="descname">urllib</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-urllib" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Handles the rename of <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#module-urllib" title="urllib"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code></a> and <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></code> to the <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#module-urllib" title="urllib"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code></a> package.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-ws_comma"> <code class="descname">ws_comma</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-ws_comma" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes excess whitespace from comma separated items. This fixer is optional.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-xrange"> <code class="descname">xrange</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-xrange" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xrange()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#range" title="range"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code></a> and wraps existing <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#range" title="range"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code></a> calls with <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-xreadlines"> <code class="descname">xreadlines</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-xreadlines" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">file.xreadlines()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">file</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="2to3fixer"> <dt id="2to3fixer-zip"> <code class="descname">zip</code><a class="headerlink" href="#2to3fixer-zip" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Wraps <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#zip" title="zip"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zip()</span></code></a> usage in a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> call. This is disabled when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">future_builtins</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">zip</span></code> appears.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="module-lib2to3"> <span id="lib2to3-2to3-s-library"></span><h2>26.7.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3" title="lib2to3: the 2to3 library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code></a> - 2to3’s library<a class="headerlink" href="#module-lib2to3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/lib2to3/">Lib/lib2to3/</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3" title="lib2to3: the 2to3 library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code></a> API should be considered unstable and may change drastically in the future.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-2to3">26.7.1. Using 2to3</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#fixers">26.7.2. Fixers</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3">26.7.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> - 2to3’s library</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="unittest.mock-examples.html" title="previous chapter">26.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — getting started</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="test.html" title="next chapter">26.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.6/Doc/library/2to3.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="test.html" title="26.8. test — Regression tests package for Python" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="unittest.mock-examples.html" title="26.6. unittest.mock — getting started" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="development.html" >26. Development Tools</a> &#187;</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2023, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Dec 18, 2023. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.7.6. </div> </body> </html>
webs 1.0 - Enhanced UI