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Data Compression and Archiving</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-zlib"> <span id="zlib-compression-compatible-with-gzip"></span><h1>12.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-zlib" title="zlib: Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code></a> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong><a class="headerlink" href="#module-zlib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>For applications that require data compression, the functions in this module allow compression and decompression, using the zlib library. The zlib library has its own home page at <a class="reference external" href="http://www.zlib.net">http://www.zlib.net</a>. There are known incompatibilities between the Python module and versions of the zlib library earlier than 1.1.3; 1.1.3 has a security vulnerability, so we recommend using 1.1.4 or later.</p> <p>zlib’s functions have many options and often need to be used in a particular order. This documentation doesn’t attempt to cover all of the permutations; consult the zlib manual at <a class="reference external" href="http://www.zlib.net/manual.html">http://www.zlib.net/manual.html</a> for authoritative information.</p> <p>For reading and writing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.gz</span></code> files see the <a class="reference internal" href="gzip.html#module-gzip" title="gzip: Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code></a> module.</p> <p>The available exception and functions in this module are:</p> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="zlib.error"> <em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">zlib.</code><code class="descname">error</code><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Exception raised on compression and decompression errors.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="zlib.adler32"> <code class="descclassname">zlib.</code><code class="descname">adler32</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>value</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.adler32" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Computes an Adler-32 checksum of <em>data</em>. (An Adler-32 checksum is almost as reliable as a CRC32 but can be computed much more quickly.) If <em>value</em> is present, it is used as the starting value of the checksum; otherwise, a fixed default value is used. This allows computing a running checksum over the concatenation of several inputs. The algorithm is not cryptographically strong, and should not be used for authentication or digital signatures. Since the algorithm is designed for use as a checksum algorithm, it is not suitable for use as a general hash algorithm.</p> <p>This function always returns an integer object.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">To generate the same numeric value across all Python versions and platforms use adler32(data) &amp; 0xffffffff. If you are only using the checksum in packed binary format this is not necessary as the return value is the correct 32bit binary representation regardless of sign.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>The return value is in the range [-2**31, 2**31-1] regardless of platform. In older versions the value is signed on some platforms and unsigned on others.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.0: </span>The return value is unsigned and in the range [0, 2**32-1] regardless of platform.</p> </div> <dl class="function"> <dt id="zlib.compress"> <code class="descclassname">zlib.</code><code class="descname">compress</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>string</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>level</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.compress" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Compresses the data in <em>string</em>, returning a string contained compressed data. <em>level</em> is an integer from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">9</span></code> controlling the level of compression; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> is fastest and produces the least compression, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">9</span></code> is slowest and produces the most. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> is no compression. The default value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">6</span></code>. Raises the <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.error" title="zlib.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error</span></code></a> exception if any error occurs.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="zlib.compressobj"> <code class="descclassname">zlib.</code><code class="descname">compressobj</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>level</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>method</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>wbits</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>memlevel</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>strategy</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.compressobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a compression object, to be used for compressing data streams that won’t fit into memory at once. <em>level</em> is an integer from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">9</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>, controlling the level of compression; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> is fastest and produces the least compression, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">9</span></code> is slowest and produces the most. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> is no compression. The default value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> (Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION). Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION represents a default compromise between speed and compression (currently equivalent to level 6).</p> <p><em>method</em> is the compression algorithm. Currently, the only supported value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEFLATED</span></code>.</p> <p>The <em>wbits</em> argument controls the size of the history buffer (or the “window size”) used when compressing data, and whether a header and trailer is included in the output. It can take several ranges of values. The default is 15.</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>+9 to +15: The base-two logarithm of the window size, which therefore ranges between 512 and 32768. Larger values produce better compression at the expense of greater memory usage. The resulting output will include a zlib-specific header and trailer.</li> <li>−9 to −15: Uses the absolute value of <em>wbits</em> as the window size logarithm, while producing a raw output stream with no header or trailing checksum.</li> <li>+25 to +31 = 16 + (9 to 15): Uses the low 4 bits of the value as the window size logarithm, while including a basic <strong class="program">gzip</strong> header and trailing checksum in the output.</li> </ul> <p><em>memlevel</em> controls the amount of memory used for internal compression state. Valid values range from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">9</span></code>. Higher values using more memory, but are faster and produce smaller output. The default is 8.</p> <p><em>strategy</em> is used to tune the compression algorithm. Possible values are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_FILTERED</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY</span></code>. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="zlib.crc32"> <code class="descclassname">zlib.</code><code class="descname">crc32</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>value</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.crc32" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-0">Computes a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) checksum of <em>data</em>. If <em>value</em> is present, it is used as the starting value of the checksum; otherwise, a fixed default value is used. This allows computing a running checksum over the concatenation of several inputs. The algorithm is not cryptographically strong, and should not be used for authentication or digital signatures. Since the algorithm is designed for use as a checksum algorithm, it is not suitable for use as a general hash algorithm.</p> <p>This function always returns an integer object.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">To generate the same numeric value across all Python versions and platforms use crc32(data) &amp; 0xffffffff. If you are only using the checksum in packed binary format this is not necessary as the return value is the correct 32bit binary representation regardless of sign.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>The return value is in the range [-2**31, 2**31-1] regardless of platform. In older versions the value would be signed on some platforms and unsigned on others.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.0: </span>The return value is unsigned and in the range [0, 2**32-1] regardless of platform.</p> </div> <dl class="function"> <dt id="zlib.decompress"> <code class="descclassname">zlib.</code><code class="descname">decompress</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>string</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>wbits</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>bufsize</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.decompress" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Decompresses the data in <em>string</em>, returning a string containing the uncompressed data. The <em>wbits</em> parameter depends on the format of <em>string</em>, and is discussed further below. If <em>bufsize</em> is given, it is used as the initial size of the output buffer. Raises the <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.error" title="zlib.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error</span></code></a> exception if any error occurs.</p> <p id="decompress-wbits">The <em>wbits</em> parameter controls the size of the history buffer (or “window size”), and what header and trailer format is expected. It is similar to the parameter for <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.compressobj" title="zlib.compressobj"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compressobj()</span></code></a>, but accepts more ranges of values:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>+8 to +15: The base-two logarithm of the window size. The input must include a zlib header and trailer.</li> <li>0: Automatically determine the window size from the zlib header. Only supported since zlib 1.2.3.5.</li> <li>−8 to −15: Uses the absolute value of <em>wbits</em> as the window size logarithm. The input must be a raw stream with no header or trailer.</li> <li>+24 to +31 = 16 + (8 to 15): Uses the low 4 bits of the value as the window size logarithm. The input must include a gzip header and trailer.</li> <li>+40 to +47 = 32 + (8 to 15): Uses the low 4 bits of the value as the window size logarithm, and automatically accepts either the zlib or gzip format.</li> </ul> <p>When decompressing a stream, the window size must not be smaller than the size originally used to compress the stream; using a too-small value may result in an <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.error" title="zlib.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">error</span></code></a> exception. The default <em>wbits</em> value is 15, which corresponds to the largest window size and requires a zlib header and trailer to be included.</p> <p><em>bufsize</em> is the initial size of the buffer used to hold decompressed data. If more space is required, the buffer size will be increased as needed, so you don’t have to get this value exactly right; tuning it will only save a few calls to <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">malloc()</span></code>. The default size is 16384.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="zlib.decompressobj"> <code class="descclassname">zlib.</code><code class="descname">decompressobj</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>wbits</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.decompressobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a decompression object, to be used for decompressing data streams that won’t fit into memory at once.</p> <p>The <em>wbits</em> parameter controls the size of the history buffer (or the “window size”), and what header and trailer format is expected. It has the same meaning as <a class="reference external" href="#decompress-wbits">described for decompress()</a>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Compression objects support the following methods:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="zlib.Compress.compress"> <code class="descclassname">Compress.</code><code class="descname">compress</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.Compress.compress" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Compress <em>string</em>, returning a string containing compressed data for at least part of the data in <em>string</em>. This data should be concatenated to the output produced by any preceding calls to the <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.compress" title="zlib.compress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compress()</span></code></a> method. Some input may be kept in internal buffers for later processing.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="zlib.Compress.flush"> <code class="descclassname">Compress.</code><code class="descname">flush</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>mode</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.Compress.flush" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>All pending input is processed, and a string containing the remaining compressed output is returned. <em>mode</em> can be selected from the constants <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_SYNC_FLUSH</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_FULL_FLUSH</span></code>, or <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_FINISH</span></code>, defaulting to <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_FINISH</span></code>. <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_SYNC_FLUSH</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_FULL_FLUSH</span></code> allow compressing further strings of data, while <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_FINISH</span></code> finishes the compressed stream and prevents compressing any more data. After calling <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.Compress.flush" title="zlib.Compress.flush"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flush()</span></code></a> with <em>mode</em> set to <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Z_FINISH</span></code>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.compress" title="zlib.compress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compress()</span></code></a> method cannot be called again; the only realistic action is to delete the object.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="zlib.Compress.copy"> <code class="descclassname">Compress.</code><code class="descname">copy</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.Compress.copy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a copy of the compression object. This can be used to efficiently compress a set of data that share a common initial prefix.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <p>Decompression objects support the following methods, and two attributes:</p> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="zlib.Decompress.unused_data"> <code class="descclassname">Decompress.</code><code class="descname">unused_data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.Decompress.unused_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A string which contains any bytes past the end of the compressed data. That is, this remains <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;&quot;</span></code> until the last byte that contains compression data is available. If the whole string turned out to contain compressed data, this is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;&quot;</span></code>, the empty string.</p> <p>The only way to determine where a string of compressed data ends is by actually decompressing it. This means that when compressed data is contained part of a larger file, you can only find the end of it by reading data and feeding it followed by some non-empty string into a decompression object’s <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.decompress" title="zlib.decompress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decompress()</span></code></a> method until the <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.Decompress.unused_data" title="zlib.Decompress.unused_data"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unused_data</span></code></a> attribute is no longer the empty string.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="zlib.Decompress.unconsumed_tail"> <code class="descclassname">Decompress.</code><code class="descname">unconsumed_tail</code><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.Decompress.unconsumed_tail" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A string that contains any data that was not consumed by the last <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.decompress" title="zlib.decompress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decompress()</span></code></a> call because it exceeded the limit for the uncompressed data buffer. This data has not yet been seen by the zlib machinery, so you must feed it (possibly with further data concatenated to it) back to a subsequent <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.decompress" title="zlib.decompress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decompress()</span></code></a> method call in order to get correct output.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="zlib.Decompress.decompress"> <code class="descclassname">Decompress.</code><code class="descname">decompress</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>string</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>max_length</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.Decompress.decompress" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Decompress <em>string</em>, returning a string containing the uncompressed data corresponding to at least part of the data in <em>string</em>. This data should be concatenated to the output produced by any preceding calls to the <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.decompress" title="zlib.decompress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decompress()</span></code></a> method. Some of the input data may be preserved in internal buffers for later processing.</p> <p>If the optional parameter <em>max_length</em> is non-zero then the return value will be no longer than <em>max_length</em>. This may mean that not all of the compressed input can be processed; and unconsumed data will be stored in the attribute <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.Decompress.unconsumed_tail" title="zlib.Decompress.unconsumed_tail"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unconsumed_tail</span></code></a>. This string must be passed to a subsequent call to <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.decompress" title="zlib.decompress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decompress()</span></code></a> if decompression is to continue. If <em>max_length</em> is not supplied then the whole input is decompressed, and <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.Decompress.unconsumed_tail" title="zlib.Decompress.unconsumed_tail"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unconsumed_tail</span></code></a> is an empty string.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="zlib.Decompress.flush"> <code class="descclassname">Decompress.</code><code class="descname">flush</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>length</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.Decompress.flush" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>All pending input is processed, and a string containing the remaining uncompressed output is returned. After calling <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.Decompress.flush" title="zlib.Decompress.flush"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flush()</span></code></a>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#zlib.decompress" title="zlib.decompress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decompress()</span></code></a> method cannot be called again; the only realistic action is to delete the object.</p> <p>The optional parameter <em>length</em> sets the initial size of the output buffer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="zlib.Decompress.copy"> <code class="descclassname">Decompress.</code><code class="descname">copy</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zlib.Decompress.copy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a copy of the decompression object. This can be used to save the state of the decompressor midway through the data stream in order to speed up random seeks into the stream at a future point.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="gzip.html#module-gzip" title="gzip: Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code></a></dt> <dd>Reading and writing <strong class="program">gzip</strong>-format files.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.zlib.net">http://www.zlib.net</a></dt> <dd>The zlib library home page.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.zlib.net/manual.html">http://www.zlib.net/manual.html</a></dt> <dd>The zlib manual explains the semantics and usage of the library’s many functions.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="archiving.html" title="previous chapter">12. 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