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Generic Operating System Services</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-platform"> <span id="platform-access-to-underlying-platform-s-identifying-data"></span><h1>15.15. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-platform" title="platform: Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code></a> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data<a class="headerlink" href="#module-platform" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/platform.py">Lib/platform.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Specific platforms listed alphabetically, with Linux included in the Unix section.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="cross-platform"> <h2>15.15.1. Cross Platform<a class="headerlink" href="#cross-platform" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.architecture"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">architecture</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>executable=sys.executable</em>, <em>bits=''</em>, <em>linkage=''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.architecture" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Queries the given executable (defaults to the Python interpreter binary) for various architecture information.</p> <p>Returns a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(bits,</span> <span class="pre">linkage)</span></code> which contain information about the bit architecture and the linkage format used for the executable. Both values are returned as strings.</p> <p>Values that cannot be determined are returned as given by the parameter presets. If bits is given as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sizeof(pointer)</span></code> (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sizeof(long)</span></code> on Python version &lt; 1.5.2) is used as indicator for the supported pointer size.</p> <p>The function relies on the system’s <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file</span></code> command to do the actual work. This is available on most if not all Unix platforms and some non-Unix platforms and then only if the executable points to the Python interpreter. Reasonable defaults are used when the above needs are not met.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p>On Mac OS X (and perhaps other platforms), executable files may be universal files containing multiple architectures.</p> <p>To get at the “64-bitness” of the current interpreter, it is more reliable to query the <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.maxsize" title="sys.maxsize"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.maxsize</span></code></a> attribute:</p> <div class="last highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">is_64bits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">maxsize</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">32</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.machine"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">machine</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.machine" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the machine type, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'i386'</span></code>. An empty string is returned if the value cannot be determined.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.node"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">node</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.node" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the computer’s network name (may not be fully qualified!). An empty string is returned if the value cannot be determined.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.platform"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">platform</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>aliased=0</em>, <em>terse=0</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.platform" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a single string identifying the underlying platform with as much useful information as possible.</p> <p>The output is intended to be <em>human readable</em> rather than machine parseable. It may look different on different platforms and this is intended.</p> <p>If <em>aliased</em> is true, the function will use aliases for various platforms that report system names which differ from their common names, for example SunOS will be reported as Solaris. The <a class="reference internal" href="#platform.system_alias" title="platform.system_alias"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">system_alias()</span></code></a> function is used to implement this.</p> <p>Setting <em>terse</em> to true causes the function to return only the absolute minimum information needed to identify the platform.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.processor"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">processor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.processor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the (real) processor name, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'amdk6'</span></code>.</p> <p>An empty string is returned if the value cannot be determined. Note that many platforms do not provide this information or simply return the same value as for <a class="reference internal" href="#platform.machine" title="platform.machine"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">machine()</span></code></a>. NetBSD does this.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.python_build"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">python_build</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.python_build" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(buildno,</span> <span class="pre">builddate)</span></code> stating the Python build number and date as strings.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.python_compiler"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">python_compiler</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.python_compiler" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a string identifying the compiler used for compiling Python.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.python_branch"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">python_branch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.python_branch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a string identifying the Python implementation SCM branch.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.python_implementation"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">python_implementation</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.python_implementation" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a string identifying the Python implementation. Possible return values are: ‘CPython’, ‘IronPython’, ‘Jython’, ‘PyPy’.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.python_revision"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">python_revision</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.python_revision" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a string identifying the Python implementation SCM revision.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.python_version"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">python_version</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.python_version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the Python version as string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'major.minor.patchlevel'</span></code>.</p> <p>Note that unlike the Python <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.version</span></code>, the returned value will always include the patchlevel (it defaults to 0).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.python_version_tuple"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">python_version_tuple</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.python_version_tuple" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the Python version as tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(major,</span> <span class="pre">minor,</span> <span class="pre">patchlevel)</span></code> of strings.</p> <p>Note that unlike the Python <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.version</span></code>, the returned value will always include the patchlevel (it defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0'</span></code>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.release"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">release</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.release" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the system’s release, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2.2.0'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'NT'</span></code> An empty string is returned if the value cannot be determined.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.system"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">system</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.system" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the system/OS name, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Linux'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Windows'</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Java'</span></code>. An empty string is returned if the value cannot be determined.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.system_alias"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">system_alias</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>system</em>, <em>release</em>, <em>version</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.system_alias" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(system,</span> <span class="pre">release,</span> <span class="pre">version)</span></code> aliased to common marketing names used for some systems. It also does some reordering of the information in some cases where it would otherwise cause confusion.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.version"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">version</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the system’s release version, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'#3</span> <span class="pre">on</span> <span class="pre">degas'</span></code>. An empty string is returned if the value cannot be determined.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.uname"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">uname</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.uname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fairly portable uname interface. Returns a tuple of strings <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(system,</span> <span class="pre">node,</span> <span class="pre">release,</span> <span class="pre">version,</span> <span class="pre">machine,</span> <span class="pre">processor)</span></code> identifying the underlying platform.</p> <p>Note that unlike the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.uname" title="os.uname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.uname()</span></code></a> function this also returns possible processor information as additional tuple entry.</p> <p>Entries which cannot be determined are set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="java-platform"> <h2>15.15.2. Java Platform<a class="headerlink" href="#java-platform" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.java_ver"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">java_ver</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>release=''</em>, <em>vendor=''</em>, <em>vminfo=(''</em>, <em>''</em>, <em>'')</em>, <em>osinfo=(''</em>, <em>''</em>, <em>'')</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.java_ver" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Version interface for Jython.</p> <p>Returns a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(release,</span> <span class="pre">vendor,</span> <span class="pre">vminfo,</span> <span class="pre">osinfo)</span></code> with <em>vminfo</em> being a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(vm_name,</span> <span class="pre">vm_release,</span> <span class="pre">vm_vendor)</span></code> and <em>osinfo</em> being a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(os_name,</span> <span class="pre">os_version,</span> <span class="pre">os_arch)</span></code>. Values which cannot be determined are set to the defaults given as parameters (which all default to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="windows-platform"> <h2>15.15.3. Windows Platform<a class="headerlink" href="#windows-platform" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.win32_ver"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">win32_ver</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>release=''</em>, <em>version=''</em>, <em>csd=''</em>, <em>ptype=''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.win32_ver" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get additional version information from the Windows Registry and return a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(release,</span> <span class="pre">version,</span> <span class="pre">csd,</span> <span class="pre">ptype)</span></code> referring to OS release, version number, CSD level (service pack) and OS type (multi/single processor).</p> <p>As a hint: <em>ptype</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Uniprocessor</span> <span class="pre">Free'</span></code> on single processor NT machines and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Multiprocessor</span> <span class="pre">Free'</span></code> on multi processor machines. The <em>‘Free’</em> refers to the OS version being free of debugging code. It could also state <em>‘Checked’</em> which means the OS version uses debugging code, i.e. code that checks arguments, ranges, etc.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function works best with Mark Hammond’s <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">win32all</span></code> package installed, but also on Python 2.3 and later (support for this was added in Python 2.6). It obviously only runs on Win32 compatible platforms.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="win95-98-specific"> <h3>15.15.3.1. Win95/98 specific<a class="headerlink" href="#win95-98-specific" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.popen"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">popen</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>cmd</em>, <em>mode='r'</em>, <em>bufsize=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.popen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Portable <a class="reference internal" href="#platform.popen" title="platform.popen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen()</span></code></a> interface. Find a working popen implementation preferring <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">win32pipe.popen()</span></code>. On Windows NT, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">win32pipe.popen()</span></code> should work; on Windows 9x it hangs due to bugs in the MS C library.</p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="mac-os-platform"> <h2>15.15.4. Mac OS Platform<a class="headerlink" href="#mac-os-platform" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.mac_ver"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">mac_ver</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>release=''</em>, <em>versioninfo=(''</em>, <em>''</em>, <em>'')</em>, <em>machine=''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.mac_ver" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get Mac OS version information and return it as tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(release,</span> <span class="pre">versioninfo,</span> <span class="pre">machine)</span></code> with <em>versioninfo</em> being a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(version,</span> <span class="pre">dev_stage,</span> <span class="pre">non_release_version)</span></code>.</p> <p>Entries which cannot be determined are set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>. All tuple entries are strings.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="unix-platforms"> <h2>15.15.5. Unix Platforms<a class="headerlink" href="#unix-platforms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.dist"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">dist</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>distname=''</em>, <em>version=''</em>, <em>id=''</em>, <em>supported_dists=('SuSE'</em>, <em>'debian'</em>, <em>'redhat'</em>, <em>'mandrake'</em>, <em>...)</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.dist" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This is an old version of the functionality now provided by <a class="reference internal" href="#platform.linux_distribution" title="platform.linux_distribution"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linux_distribution()</span></code></a>. For new code, please use the <a class="reference internal" href="#platform.linux_distribution" title="platform.linux_distribution"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linux_distribution()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The only difference between the two is that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist()</span></code> always returns the short name of the distribution taken from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">supported_dists</span></code> parameter.</p> <div class="deprecated"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.linux_distribution"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">linux_distribution</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>distname=''</em>, <em>version=''</em>, <em>id=''</em>, <em>supported_dists=('SuSE'</em>, <em>'debian'</em>, <em>'redhat'</em>, <em>'mandrake'</em>, <em>...)</em>, <em>full_distribution_name=1</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.linux_distribution" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Tries to determine the name of the Linux OS distribution name.</p> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">supported_dists</span></code> may be given to define the set of Linux distributions to look for. It defaults to a list of currently supported Linux distributions identified by their release file name.</p> <p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">full_distribution_name</span></code> is true (default), the full distribution read from the OS is returned. Otherwise the short name taken from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">supported_dists</span></code> is used.</p> <p>Returns a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(distname,version,id)</span></code> which defaults to the args given as parameters. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">id</span></code> is the item in parentheses after the version number. It is usually the version codename.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function is deprecated since Python 3.5 and removed in Python 3.8. See alternative like the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/distro">distro</a> package.</p> </div> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="platform.libc_ver"> <code class="descclassname">platform.</code><code class="descname">libc_ver</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>executable=sys.executable</em>, <em>lib=''</em>, <em>version=''</em>, <em>chunksize=2048</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#platform.libc_ver" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Tries to determine the libc version against which the file executable (defaults to the Python interpreter) is linked. Returns a tuple of strings <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(lib,</span> <span class="pre">version)</span></code> which default to the given parameters in case the lookup fails.</p> <p>Note that this function has intimate knowledge of how different libc versions add symbols to the executable is probably only usable for executables compiled using <strong class="program">gcc</strong>.</p> <p>The file is read and scanned in chunks of <em>chunksize</em> bytes.</p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">15.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#cross-platform">15.15.1. Cross Platform</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#java-platform">15.15.2. Java Platform</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#windows-platform">15.15.3. Windows Platform</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#win95-98-specific">15.15.3.1. Win95/98 specific</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mac-os-platform">15.15.4. Mac OS Platform</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#unix-platforms">15.15.5. Unix Platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="curses.panel.html" title="previous chapter">15.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="errno.html" title="next chapter">15.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/platform.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="errno.html" title="15.16. errno — Standard errno system symbols" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="curses.panel.html" title="15.14. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="allos.html" >15. 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