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Internet Protocols and Support<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-protocols-and-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><p id="index-1">The modules described in this chapter implement Internet protocols and support for related technology. They are all implemented in Python. Most of these modules require the presence of the system-dependent module <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a>, which is currently supported on most popular platforms. Here is an overview:</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html">20.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">20.1.1. Browser Controller Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html">20.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#introduction">20.2.1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">20.2.2. Using the cgi module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#higher-level-interface">20.2.3. Higher Level Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#old-classes">20.2.4. Old classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#functions">20.2.5. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#caring-about-security">20.2.6. Caring about security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">20.2.7. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">20.2.8. Testing your CGI script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">20.2.9. Debugging CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">20.2.10. Common problems and solutions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb.html">20.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html">20.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util">20.4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers">20.4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server">20.4.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate">20.4.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers">20.4.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#examples">20.4.6. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html">20.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — Open arbitrary resources by URL</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#high-level-interface">20.5.1. High-level interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#utility-functions">20.5.2. Utility functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#url-opener-objects">20.5.3. URL Opener objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#urllib-restrictions">20.5.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> Restrictions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#examples">20.5.5. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html">20.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></code> — extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#request-objects">20.6.1. Request Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#openerdirector-objects">20.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#basehandler-objects">20.6.3. BaseHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">20.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">20.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#proxyhandler-objects">20.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">20.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">20.6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">20.6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#httphandler-objects">20.6.14. HTTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#httpshandler-objects">20.6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#filehandler-objects">20.6.16. FileHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#ftphandler-objects">20.6.17. FTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#cacheftphandler-objects">20.6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#unknownhandler-objects">20.6.19. UnknownHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">20.6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html#examples">20.6.21. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="httplib.html">20.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">httplib</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="httplib.html#httpconnection-objects">20.7.1. HTTPConnection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="httplib.html#httpresponse-objects">20.7.2. HTTPResponse Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="httplib.html#examples">20.7.3. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html">20.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-objects">20.8.1. FTP Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">20.8.2. FTP_TLS Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html">20.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-objects">20.9.1. POP3 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-example">20.9.2. POP3 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html">20.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-objects">20.10.1. IMAP4 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-example">20.10.2. IMAP4 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html">20.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#nntp-objects">20.11.1. NNTP Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html">20.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-objects">20.12.1. SMTP Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-example">20.12.2. SMTP Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html">20.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#smtpserver-objects">20.13.1. SMTPServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#debuggingserver-objects">20.13.2. DebuggingServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#pureproxy-objects">20.13.3. PureProxy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#mailmanproxy-objects">20.13.4. MailmanProxy Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html">20.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">20.14.1. Telnet Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-example">20.14.2. Telnet Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html">20.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html#example">20.15.1. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urlparse.html">20.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urlparse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urlparse.html#results-of-urlparse-and-urlsplit">20.16.1. Results of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html">20.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SocketServer</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">20.17.1. Server Creation Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-objects">20.17.2. Server Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">20.17.3. Request Handler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#examples">20.17.4. Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example">20.17.4.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SocketServer.TCPServer</span></code> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example">20.17.4.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SocketServer.UDPServer</span></code> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">20.17.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="basehttpserver.html">20.18. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BaseHTTPServer</span></code> — Basic HTTP server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="basehttpserver.html#more-examples">20.18.1. More examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="simplehttpserver.html">20.19. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SimpleHTTPServer</span></code> — Simple HTTP request handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgihttpserver.html">20.20. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CGIHTTPServer</span></code> — CGI-capable HTTP request handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html">20.21. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">20.21.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">20.21.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html#cookiepolicy-objects">20.21.3. CookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">20.21.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html#cookie-objects">20.21.5. Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html#examples">20.21.6. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html">20.22. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></code> — HTTP state management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#cookie-objects">20.22.1. Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#morsel-objects">20.22.2. Morsel Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html#example">20.22.3. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html">20.23. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#serverproxy-objects">20.23.1. ServerProxy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#boolean-objects">20.23.2. Boolean Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#datetime-objects">20.23.3. DateTime Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#binary-objects">20.23.4. Binary Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#fault-objects">20.23.5. Fault Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#protocolerror-objects">20.23.6. ProtocolError Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#multicall-objects">20.23.7. MultiCall Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#convenience-functions">20.23.8. Convenience Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#example-of-client-usage">20.23.9. Example of Client Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">20.23.10. Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html">20.24. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">20.24.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">20.24.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">20.24.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="docxmlrpcserver.html">20.25. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DocXMLRPCServer</span></code> — Self-documenting XML-RPC server</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="docxmlrpcserver.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">20.25.1. DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="docxmlrpcserver.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">20.25.2. 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