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Debugging and Profiling</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-hotshot"> <span id="hotshot-high-performance-logging-profiler"></span><h1>26.5. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-hotshot" title="hotshot: High performance logging profiler, mostly written in C."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code></a> — High performance logging profiler<a class="headerlink" href="#module-hotshot" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </div> <p>This module provides a nicer interface to the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_hotshot</span></code> C module. Hotshot is a replacement for the existing <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-profile" title="profile: Python source profiler."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code></a> module. As it’s written mostly in C, it should result in a much smaller performance impact than the existing <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-profile" title="profile: Python source profiler."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code></a> module.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-hotshot" title="hotshot: High performance logging profiler, mostly written in C."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code></a> module focuses on minimizing the overhead while profiling, at the expense of long data post-processing times. For common usage it is recommended to use <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-cProfile" title="cProfile"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code></a> instead. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-hotshot" title="hotshot: High performance logging profiler, mostly written in C."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code></a> is not maintained and might be removed from the standard library in the future.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>The results should be more meaningful than in the past: the timing core contained a critical bug.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-hotshot" title="hotshot: High performance logging profiler, mostly written in C."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code></a> profiler does not yet work well with threads. It is useful to use an unthreaded script to run the profiler over the code you’re interested in measuring if at all possible.</p> </div> <dl class="class"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">hotshot.</code><code class="descname">Profile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>logfile</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lineevents</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>linetimings</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The profiler object. The argument <em>logfile</em> is the name of a log file to use for logged profile data. The argument <em>lineevents</em> specifies whether to generate events for every source line, or just on function call/return. It defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (only log function call/return). The argument <em>linetimings</em> specifies whether to record timing information. It defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> (store timing information).</p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="profile-objects"> <span id="hotshot-objects"></span><h2>26.5.1. Profile Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#profile-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Profile objects have the following methods:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile.addinfo"> <code class="descclassname">Profile.</code><code class="descname">addinfo</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>key</em>, <em>value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile.addinfo" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Add an arbitrary labelled value to the profile output.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile.close"> <code class="descclassname">Profile.</code><code class="descname">close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Close the logfile and terminate the profiler.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile.fileno"> <code class="descclassname">Profile.</code><code class="descname">fileno</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile.fileno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the file descriptor of the profiler’s log file.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile.run"> <code class="descclassname">Profile.</code><code class="descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>cmd</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Profile an <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#exec"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code></a>-compatible string in the script environment. The globals from the <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> module are used as both the globals and locals for the script.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile.runcall"> <code class="descclassname">Profile.</code><code class="descname">runcall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>func</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**keywords</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile.runcall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Profile a single call of a callable. Additional positional and keyword arguments may be passed along; the result of the call is returned, and exceptions are allowed to propagate cleanly, while ensuring that profiling is disabled on the way out.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile.runctx"> <code class="descclassname">Profile.</code><code class="descname">runctx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>cmd</em>, <em>globals</em>, <em>locals</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile.runctx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Evaluate an <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#exec"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code></a>-compatible string in a specific environment. The string is compiled before profiling begins.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile.start"> <code class="descclassname">Profile.</code><code class="descname">start</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile.start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Start the profiler.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hotshot.Profile.stop"> <code class="descclassname">Profile.</code><code class="descname">stop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.Profile.stop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Stop the profiler.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="module-hotshot.stats"> <span id="using-hotshot-data"></span><h2>26.5.2. Using hotshot data<a class="headerlink" href="#module-hotshot.stats" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </div> <p>This module loads hotshot profiling data into the standard <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-pstats" title="pstats: Statistics object for use with the profiler."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats</span></code></a> Stats objects.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="hotshot.stats.load"> <code class="descclassname">hotshot.stats.</code><code class="descname">load</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hotshot.stats.load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Load hotshot data from <em>filename</em>. Returns an instance of the <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#pstats.Stats" title="pstats.Stats"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats.Stats</span></code></a> class.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-profile" title="profile: Python source profiler."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code></a></dt> <dd>The <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-profile" title="profile: Python source profiler."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code></a> module’s <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Stats</span></code> class</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="example-usage"> <span id="hotshot-example"></span><h2>26.5.3. Example Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#example-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Note that this example runs the Python “benchmark” pystones. It can take some time to run, and will produce large output files.</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">hotshot</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">hotshot.stats</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">test.pystone</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">prof</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hotshot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Profile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;stones.prof&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">benchtime</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stones</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">prof</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runcall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pystone</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pystones</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">prof</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stats</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hotshot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stats</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;stones.prof&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stats</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip_dirs</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stats</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort_stats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;time&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;calls&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">stats</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_stats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go"> 850004 function calls in 10.090 CPU seconds</span> <span class="go"> Ordered by: internal time, call count</span> <span class="go"> ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)</span> <span class="go"> 1 3.295 3.295 10.090 10.090 pystone.py:79(Proc0)</span> <span class="go"> 150000 1.315 0.000 1.315 0.000 pystone.py:203(Proc7)</span> <span class="go"> 50000 1.313 0.000 1.463 0.000 pystone.py:229(Func2)</span> <span class="go"> .</span> <span class="go"> .</span> <span class="go"> .</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">26.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code> — High performance logging profiler</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#profile-objects">26.5.1. Profile Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-hotshot.stats">26.5.2. Using hotshot data</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-usage">26.5.3. Example Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="profile.html" title="previous chapter">26.4. 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