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Cryptographic Services</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-hashlib"> <span id="hashlib-secure-hashes-and-message-digests"></span><h1>14.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-hashlib" title="hashlib: Secure hash and message digest algorithms."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code></a> — Secure hashes and message digests<a class="headerlink" href="#module-hashlib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </div> <p id="index-0"><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/hashlib.py">Lib/hashlib.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>This module implements a common interface to many different secure hash and message digest algorithms. Included are the FIPS secure hash algorithms SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512 (defined in FIPS 180-2) as well as RSA’s MD5 algorithm (defined in Internet <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1321.html"><strong>RFC 1321</strong></a>). The terms secure hash and message digest are interchangeable. Older algorithms were called message digests. The modern term is secure hash.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">If you want the adler32 or crc32 hash functions, they are available in the <a class="reference internal" href="zlib.html#module-zlib" title="zlib: Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code></a> module.</p> </div> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p> <p class="last">Some algorithms have known hash collision weaknesses, refer to the “See also” section at the end.</p> </div> <p>There is one constructor method named for each type of <em class="dfn">hash</em>. All return a hash object with the same simple interface. For example: use <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha1()</span></code> to create a SHA1 hash object. You can now feed this object with arbitrary strings using the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update()</span></code> method. At any point you can ask it for the <em class="dfn">digest</em> of the concatenation of the strings fed to it so far using the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">digest()</span></code> or <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hexdigest()</span></code> methods.</p> <p id="index-2">Constructors for hash algorithms that are always present in this module are <a class="reference internal" href="md5.html#module-md5" title="md5: RSA's MD5 message digest algorithm. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">md5()</span></code></a>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha1()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha224()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha256()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha384()</span></code>, and <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha512()</span></code>. Additional algorithms may also be available depending upon the OpenSSL library that Python uses on your platform.</p> <p>For example, to obtain the digest of the string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Nobody</span> <span class="pre">inspects</span> <span class="pre">the</span> <span class="pre">spammish</span> <span class="pre">repetition'</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">hashlib</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hashlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">md5</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Nobody inspects&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot; the spammish repetition&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">digest</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">&#39;\xbbd\x9c\x83\xdd\x1e\xa5\xc9\xd9\xde\xc9\xa1\x8d\xf0\xff\xe9&#39;</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">digest_size</span> <span class="go">16</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">block_size</span> <span class="go">64</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>More condensed:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">hashlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sha224</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Nobody inspects the spammish repetition&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexdigest</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">&#39;a4337bc45a8fc544c03f52dc550cd6e1e87021bc896588bd79e901e2&#39;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>A generic <a class="reference internal" href="new.html#module-new" title="new: Interface to the creation of runtime implementation objects. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">new()</span></code></a> constructor that takes the string name of the desired algorithm as its first parameter also exists to allow access to the above listed hashes as well as any other algorithms that your OpenSSL library may offer. The named constructors are much faster than <a class="reference internal" href="new.html#module-new" title="new: Interface to the creation of runtime implementation objects. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">new()</span></code></a> and should be preferred.</p> <p>Using <a class="reference internal" href="new.html#module-new" title="new: Interface to the creation of runtime implementation objects. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">new()</span></code></a> with an algorithm provided by OpenSSL:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hashlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ripemd160&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Nobody inspects the spammish repetition&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexdigest</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">&#39;cc4a5ce1b3df48aec5d22d1f16b894a0b894eccc&#39;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This module provides the following constant attribute:</p> <dl class="data"> <dt id="hashlib.hashlib.algorithms"> <code class="descclassname">hashlib.</code><code class="descname">algorithms</code><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.hashlib.algorithms" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A tuple providing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to be supported by this module.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed"> <code class="descclassname">hashlib.</code><code class="descname">algorithms_guaranteed</code><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A set containing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to be supported by this module on all platforms.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.9.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="hashlib.algorithms_available"> <code class="descclassname">hashlib.</code><code class="descname">algorithms_available</code><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.algorithms_available" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A set containing the names of the hash algorithms that are available in the running Python interpreter. These names will be recognized when passed to <a class="reference internal" href="new.html#module-new" title="new: Interface to the creation of runtime implementation objects. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">new()</span></code></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="#hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed" title="hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">algorithms_guaranteed</span></code></a> will always be a subset. The same algorithm may appear multiple times in this set under different names (thanks to OpenSSL).</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.9.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <p>The following values are provided as constant attributes of the hash objects returned by the constructors:</p> <dl class="data"> <dt id="hashlib.hash.digest_size"> <code class="descclassname">hash.</code><code class="descname">digest_size</code><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.hash.digest_size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The size of the resulting hash in bytes.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="hashlib.hash.block_size"> <code class="descclassname">hash.</code><code class="descname">block_size</code><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.hash.block_size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The internal block size of the hash algorithm in bytes.</p> </dd></dl> <p>A hash object has the following methods:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hashlib.hash.update"> <code class="descclassname">hash.</code><code class="descname">update</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>arg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.hash.update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Update the hash object with the string <em>arg</em>. Repeated calls are equivalent to a single call with the concatenation of all the arguments: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m.update(a);</span> <span class="pre">m.update(b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m.update(a+b)</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>The Python GIL is released to allow other threads to run while hash updates on data larger than 2048 bytes is taking place when using hash algorithms supplied by OpenSSL.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hashlib.hash.digest"> <code class="descclassname">hash.</code><code class="descname">digest</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.hash.digest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the digest of the strings passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#hashlib.hash.update" title="hashlib.hash.update"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update()</span></code></a> method so far. This is a string of <a class="reference internal" href="#hashlib.hash.digest_size" title="hashlib.hash.digest_size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">digest_size</span></code></a> bytes which may contain non-ASCII characters, including null bytes.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hashlib.hash.hexdigest"> <code class="descclassname">hash.</code><code class="descname">hexdigest</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.hash.hexdigest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#hashlib.hash.digest" title="hashlib.hash.digest"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">digest()</span></code></a> except the digest is returned as a string of double length, containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the value safely in email or other non-binary environments.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="hashlib.hash.copy"> <code class="descclassname">hash.</code><code class="descname">copy</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.hash.copy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a copy (“clone”) of the hash object. This can be used to efficiently compute the digests of strings that share a common initial substring.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="key-derivation"> <h2>14.1.1. Key derivation<a class="headerlink" href="#key-derivation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Key derivation and key stretching algorithms are designed for secure password hashing. Naive algorithms such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha1(password)</span></code> are not resistant against brute-force attacks. A good password hashing function must be tunable, slow, and include a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28cryptography%29">salt</a>.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac"> <code class="descclassname">hashlib.</code><code class="descname">pbkdf2_hmac</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>name</em>, <em>password</em>, <em>salt</em>, <em>rounds</em>, <em>dklen=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The function provides PKCS#5 password-based key derivation function 2. It uses HMAC as pseudorandom function.</p> <p>The string <em>name</em> is the desired name of the hash digest algorithm for HMAC, e.g. ‘sha1’ or ‘sha256’. <em>password</em> and <em>salt</em> are interpreted as buffers of bytes. Applications and libraries should limit <em>password</em> to a sensible value (e.g. 1024). <em>salt</em> should be about 16 or more bytes from a proper source, e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.urandom" title="os.urandom"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.urandom()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The number of <em>rounds</em> should be chosen based on the hash algorithm and computing power. As of 2013, at least 100,000 rounds of SHA-256 is suggested.</p> <p><em>dklen</em> is the length of the derived key. If <em>dklen</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> then the digest size of the hash algorithm <em>name</em> is used, e.g. 64 for SHA-512.</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">hashlib</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">binascii</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">dk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hashlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pbkdf2_hmac</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sha256&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;salt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100000</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexlify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dk</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">b&#39;0394a2ede332c9a13eb82e9b24631604c31df978b4e2f0fbd2c549944f9d79a5&#39;</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.8.</span></p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">A fast implementation of <em>pbkdf2_hmac</em> is available with OpenSSL. The Python implementation uses an inline version of <a class="reference internal" href="hmac.html#module-hmac" title="hmac: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code></a>. It is about three times slower and doesn’t release the GIL.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="hmac.html#module-hmac" title="hmac: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code></a></dt> <dd>A module to generate message authentication codes using hashes.</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="base64.html#module-base64" title="base64: RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code></a></dt> <dd>Another way to encode binary hashes for non-binary environments.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2.pdf">http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2.pdf</a></dt> <dd>The FIPS 180-2 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Cryptographic_hash_algorithms">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Cryptographic_hash_algorithms</a></dt> <dd>Wikipedia article with information on which algorithms have known issues and what that means regarding their use.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">14.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#key-derivation">14.1.1. Key derivation</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="crypto.html" title="previous chapter">14. Cryptographic Services</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="hmac.html" title="next chapter">14.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/hashlib.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="hmac.html" title="14.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="crypto.html" title="14. 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