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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>String/Bytes Objects &#8212; Python 2.7.16 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.16 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Unicode Objects and Codecs" href="unicode.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Byte Array Objects" href="bytearray.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/2/c-api/string.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="unicode.html" title="Unicode Objects and Codecs" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="bytearray.html" title="Byte Array Objects" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="concrete.html" accesskey="U">Concrete Objects Layer</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="string-bytes-objects"> <span id="stringobjects"></span><h1>String/Bytes Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#string-bytes-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>These functions raise <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> when expecting a string parameter and are called with a non-string parameter.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">These functions have been renamed to PyBytes_* in Python 3.x. Unless otherwise noted, the PyBytes functions available in 3.x are aliased to their PyString_* equivalents to help porting.</p> </div> <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><dl class="type"> <dt id="c.PyStringObject"> <code class="descname">PyStringObject</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyStringObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This subtype of <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> represents a Python string object.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="var"> <dt id="c.PyString_Type"> <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a> <code class="descname">PyString_Type</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_Type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-1">This instance of <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> represents the Python string type; it is the same object as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types.StringType</span></code> in the Python layer. .</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_Check"> int <code class="descname">PyString_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return true if the object <em>o</em> is a string object or an instance of a subtype of the string type.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.2: </span>Allowed subtypes to be accepted.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_CheckExact"> int <code class="descname">PyString_CheckExact</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_CheckExact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return true if the object <em>o</em> is a string object, but not an instance of a subtype of the string type.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_FromString"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_FromString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*v</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_FromString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a new string object with a copy of the string <em>v</em> as value on success, and <em>NULL</em> on failure. The parameter <em>v</em> must not be <em>NULL</em>; it will not be checked.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_FromStringAndSize"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_FromStringAndSize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*v</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;len</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_FromStringAndSize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a new string object with a copy of the string <em>v</em> as value and length <em>len</em> on success, and <em>NULL</em> on failure. If <em>v</em> is <em>NULL</em>, the contents of the string are uninitialized.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This function used an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> type for <em>len</em>. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_FromFormat"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_FromFormat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*format</em>, ...<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_FromFormat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Take a C <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf()</span></code>-style <em>format</em> string and a variable number of arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python string and return a string with the values formatted into it. The variable arguments must be C types and must correspond exactly to the format characters in the <em>format</em> string. The following format characters are allowed:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="29%" /> <col width="23%" /> <col width="48%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Format Characters</th> <th class="head">Type</th> <th class="head">Comment</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%%</span></code></td> <td><em>n/a</em></td> <td>The literal % character.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%c</span></code></td> <td>int</td> <td>A single character, represented as a C int.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%d</span></code></td> <td>int</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%d&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%u</span></code></td> <td>unsigned int</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%u&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%ld</span></code></td> <td>long</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%ld&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%lu</span></code></td> <td>unsigned long</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%lu&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%lld</span></code></td> <td>long long</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%lld&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%llu</span></code></td> <td>unsigned long long</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%llu&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zd</span></code></td> <td>Py_ssize_t</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%zd&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zu</span></code></td> <td>size_t</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%zu&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%i</span></code></td> <td>int</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%i&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%x</span></code></td> <td>int</td> <td>Exactly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%x&quot;)</span></code>.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code></td> <td>char*</td> <td>A null-terminated C character array.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%p</span></code></td> <td>void*</td> <td>The hex representation of a C pointer. Mostly equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%p&quot;)</span></code> except that it is guaranteed to start with the literal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x</span></code> regardless of what the platform’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf</span></code> yields.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">The <cite>“%lld”</cite> and <cite>“%llu”</cite> format specifiers are only available when <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HAVE_LONG_LONG</span></code> is defined.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>Support for <cite>“%lld”</cite> and <cite>“%llu”</cite> added.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_FromFormatV"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_FromFormatV</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*format</em>, va_list<em>&nbsp;vargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_FromFormatV" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyString_FromFormat" title="PyString_FromFormat"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_FromFormat()</span></code></a> except that it takes exactly two arguments.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_Size"> Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyString_Size</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_Size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the length of the string in string object <em>string</em>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This function returned an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> type. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_GET_SIZE"> Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyString_GET_SIZE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_GET_SIZE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Macro form of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyString_Size" title="PyString_Size"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_Size()</span></code></a> but without error checking.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This macro returned an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> type. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_AsString"> char* <code class="descname">PyString_AsString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_AsString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a NUL-terminated representation of the contents of <em>string</em>. The pointer refers to the internal buffer of <em>string</em>, not a copy. The data must not be modified in any way, unless the string was just created using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL,</span> <span class="pre">size)</span></code>. It must not be deallocated. If <em>string</em> is a Unicode object, this function computes the default encoding of <em>string</em> and operates on that. If <em>string</em> is not a string object at all, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyString_AsString" title="PyString_AsString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_AsString()</span></code></a> returns <em>NULL</em> and raises <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_AS_STRING"> char* <code class="descname">PyString_AS_STRING</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_AS_STRING" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Macro form of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyString_AsString" title="PyString_AsString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_AsString()</span></code></a> but without error checking. Only string objects are supported; no Unicode objects should be passed.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_AsStringAndSize"> int <code class="descname">PyString_AsStringAndSize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*obj</em>, char<em>&nbsp;**buffer</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;*length</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_AsStringAndSize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a NUL-terminated representation of the contents of the object <em>obj</em> through the output variables <em>buffer</em> and <em>length</em>.</p> <p>The function accepts both string and Unicode objects as input. For Unicode objects it returns the default encoded version of the object. If <em>length</em> is <em>NULL</em>, the resulting buffer may not contain NUL characters; if it does, the function returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> is raised.</p> <p>The buffer refers to an internal string buffer of <em>obj</em>, not a copy. The data must not be modified in any way, unless the string was just created using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL,</span> <span class="pre">size)</span></code>. It must not be deallocated. If <em>string</em> is a Unicode object, this function computes the default encoding of <em>string</em> and operates on that. If <em>string</em> is not a string object at all, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyString_AsStringAndSize" title="PyString_AsStringAndSize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_AsStringAndSize()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and raises <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError" title="exceptions.TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This function used an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code> type for <em>length</em>. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_Concat"> void <code class="descname">PyString_Concat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**string</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*newpart</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_Concat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Create a new string object in <em>*string</em> containing the contents of <em>newpart</em> appended to <em>string</em>; the caller will own the new reference. The reference to the old value of <em>string</em> will be stolen. If the new string cannot be created, the old reference to <em>string</em> will still be discarded and the value of <em>*string</em> will be set to <em>NULL</em>; the appropriate exception will be set.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_ConcatAndDel"> void <code class="descname">PyString_ConcatAndDel</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**string</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*newpart</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_ConcatAndDel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Create a new string object in <em>*string</em> containing the contents of <em>newpart</em> appended to <em>string</em>. This version decrements the reference count of <em>newpart</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c._PyString_Resize"> int <code class="descname">_PyString_Resize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**string</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;newsize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyString_Resize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A way to resize a string object even though it is “immutable”. Only use this to build up a brand new string object; don’t use this if the string may already be known in other parts of the code. It is an error to call this function if the refcount on the input string object is not one. Pass the address of an existing string object as an lvalue (it may be written into), and the new size desired. On success, <em>*string</em> holds the resized string object and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> is returned; the address in <em>*string</em> may differ from its input value. If the reallocation fails, the original string object at <em>*string</em> is deallocated, <em>*string</em> is set to <em>NULL</em>, a memory exception is set, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> is returned.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This function used an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> type for <em>newsize</em>. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_Format"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_Format</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*format</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_Format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a new string object from <em>format</em> and <em>args</em>. Analogous to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">args</span></code>. The <em>args</em> argument must be a tuple or dict.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_InternInPlace"> void <code class="descname">PyString_InternInPlace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_InternInPlace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Intern the argument <em>*string</em> in place. The argument must be the address of a pointer variable pointing to a Python string object. If there is an existing interned string that is the same as <em>*string</em>, it sets <em>*string</em> to it (decrementing the reference count of the old string object and incrementing the reference count of the interned string object), otherwise it leaves <em>*string</em> alone and interns it (incrementing its reference count). (Clarification: even though there is a lot of talk about reference counts, think of this function as reference-count-neutral; you own the object after the call if and only if you owned it before the call.)</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function is not available in 3.x and does not have a PyBytes alias.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_InternFromString"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_InternFromString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*v</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_InternFromString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>A combination of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyString_FromString" title="PyString_FromString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_FromString()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyString_InternInPlace" title="PyString_InternInPlace"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyString_InternInPlace()</span></code></a>, returning either a new string object that has been interned, or a new (“owned”) reference to an earlier interned string object with the same value.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function is not available in 3.x and does not have a PyBytes alias.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_Decode"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_Decode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*s</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;size</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*encoding</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*errors</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_Decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Create an object by decoding <em>size</em> bytes of the encoded buffer <em>s</em> using the codec registered for <em>encoding</em>. <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode()</span></code></a> built-in function. The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Return <em>NULL</em> if an exception was raised by the codec.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function is not available in 3.x and does not have a PyBytes alias.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This function used an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> type for <em>size</em>. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_AsDecodedObject"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_AsDecodedObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*str</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*encoding</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*errors</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_AsDecodedObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Decode a string object by passing it to the codec registered for <em>encoding</em> and return the result as Python object. <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the string <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encode()</span></code> method. The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Return <em>NULL</em> if an exception was raised by the codec.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function is not available in 3.x and does not have a PyBytes alias.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_Encode"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_Encode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*s</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;size</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*encoding</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*errors</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_Encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Encode the <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char</span></code> buffer of the given size by passing it to the codec registered for <em>encoding</em> and return a Python object. <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the string <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encode()</span></code> method. The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Return <em>NULL</em> if an exception was raised by the codec.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function is not available in 3.x and does not have a PyBytes alias.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This function used an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> type for <em>size</em>. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyString_AsEncodedObject"> <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyString_AsEncodedObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*str</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*encoding</em>, const char<em>&nbsp;*errors</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyString_AsEncodedObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Encode a string object using the codec registered for <em>encoding</em> and return the result as Python object. <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the string <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encode()</span></code> method. The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Return <em>NULL</em> if an exception was raised by the codec.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function is not available in 3.x and does not have a PyBytes alias.</p> </div> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="bytearray.html" title="previous chapter">Byte Array Objects</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="unicode.html" title="next chapter">Unicode Objects and Codecs</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/c-api/string.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="unicode.html" title="Unicode Objects and Codecs" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="bytearray.html" title="Byte Array Objects" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="concrete.html" >Concrete Objects Layer</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Mar 27, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.7.6. </div> </body> </html>