PNG  IHDRX cHRMz&u0`:pQ<bKGD pHYsodtIME MeqIDATxw]Wug^Qd˶ 6`!N:!@xI~)%7%@Bh&`lnjVF29gΨ4E$|>cɚ{gk= %,a KX%,a KX%,a KX%,a KX%,a KX%,a KX%, b` ǟzeאfp]<!SJmɤY޲ڿ,%c ~ع9VH.!Ͳz&QynֺTkRR.BLHi٪:l;@(!MԴ=žI,:o&N'Kù\vRmJ雵֫AWic H@" !: Cé||]k-Ha oݜ:y F())u]aG7*JV@J415p=sZH!=!DRʯvɱh~V\}v/GKY$n]"X"}t@ xS76^[bw4dsce)2dU0 CkMa-U5tvLƀ~mlMwfGE/-]7XAƟ`׮g ewxwC4\[~7@O-Q( a*XGƒ{ ՟}$_y3tĐƤatgvێi|K=uVyrŲlLӪuܿzwk$m87k( `múcE)"@rK( z4$D; 2kW=Xb$V[Ru819קR~qloѱDyįݎ*mxw]y5e4K@ЃI0A D@"BDk_)N\8͜9dz"fK0zɿvM /.:2O{ Nb=M=7>??Zuo32 DLD@D| &+֎C #B8ַ`bOb $D#ͮҪtx]%`ES`Ru[=¾!@Od37LJ0!OIR4m]GZRJu$‡c=%~s@6SKy?CeIh:[vR@Lh | (BhAMy=݃  G"'wzn޺~8ԽSh ~T*A:xR[ܹ?X[uKL_=fDȊ؂p0}7=D$Ekq!/t.*2ʼnDbŞ}DijYaȲ(""6HA;:LzxQ‘(SQQ}*PL*fc\s `/d'QXW, e`#kPGZuŞuO{{wm[&NBTiiI0bukcA9<4@SӊH*؎4U/'2U5.(9JuDfrޱtycU%j(:RUbArLֺN)udA':uGQN"-"Is.*+k@ `Ojs@yU/ H:l;@yyTn}_yw!VkRJ4P)~y#)r,D =ě"Q]ci'%HI4ZL0"MJy 8A{ aN<8D"1#IJi >XjX֔#@>-{vN!8tRݻ^)N_╗FJEk]CT՟ YP:_|H1@ CBk]yKYp|og?*dGvzنzӴzjֺNkC~AbZƷ`.H)=!QͷVTT(| u78y֮}|[8-Vjp%2JPk[}ԉaH8Wpqhwr:vWª<}l77_~{s۴V+RCģ%WRZ\AqHifɤL36: #F:p]Bq/z{0CU6ݳEv_^k7'>sq*+kH%a`0ԣisqにtү04gVgW΂iJiS'3w.w}l6MC2uԯ|>JF5`fV5m`Y**Db1FKNttu]4ccsQNnex/87+}xaUW9y>ͯ骵G{䩓Գ3+vU}~jJ.NFRD7<aJDB1#ҳgSb,+CS?/ VG J?|?,2#M9}B)MiE+G`-wo߫V`fio(}S^4e~V4bHOYb"b#E)dda:'?}׮4繏`{7Z"uny-?ǹ;0MKx{:_pÚmFמ:F " .LFQLG)Q8qN q¯¯3wOvxDb\. BKD9_NN &L:4D{mm o^tֽ:q!ƥ}K+<"m78N< ywsard5+Š²z~mnG)=}lYݧNj'QJS{S :UYS-952?&O-:W}(!6Mk4+>A>j+i|<<|;ر^߉=HE|V#F)Emm#}/"y GII웻Jі94+v뾧xu~5C95~ūH>c@덉pʃ1/4-A2G%7>m;–Y,cyyaln" ?ƻ!ʪ<{~h~i y.zZB̃/,雋SiC/JFMmBH&&FAbϓO^tubbb_hZ{_QZ-sύodFgO(6]TJA˯#`۶ɟ( %$&+V'~hiYy>922 Wp74Zkq+Ovn錄c>8~GqܲcWꂎz@"1A.}T)uiW4="jJ2W7mU/N0gcqܗOO}?9/wìXžΏ0 >֩(V^Rh32!Hj5`;O28؇2#ݕf3 ?sJd8NJ@7O0 b־?lldщ̡&|9C.8RTWwxWy46ah嘦mh٤&l zCy!PY?: CJyв]dm4ǜҐR޻RլhX{FƯanшQI@x' ao(kUUuxW_Ñ줮[w8 FRJ(8˼)_mQ _!RJhm=!cVmm ?sFOnll6Qk}alY}; "baӌ~M0w,Ggw2W:G/k2%R,_=u`WU R.9T"v,<\Ik޽/2110Ӿxc0gyC&Ny޽JҢrV6N ``یeA16"J³+Rj*;BϜkZPJaÍ<Jyw:NP8/D$ 011z֊Ⱳ3ι֘k1V_"h!JPIΣ'ɜ* aEAd:ݺ>y<}Lp&PlRfTb1]o .2EW\ͮ]38؋rTJsǏP@芎sF\> P^+dYJLbJ C-xϐn> ι$nj,;Ǖa FU *择|h ~izť3ᤓ`K'-f tL7JK+vf2)V'-sFuB4i+m+@My=O҈0"|Yxoj,3]:cо3 $#uŘ%Y"y죯LebqtҢVzq¼X)~>4L׶m~[1_k?kxֺQ`\ |ٛY4Ѯr!)N9{56(iNq}O()Em]=F&u?$HypWUeB\k]JɩSع9 Zqg4ZĊo oMcjZBU]B\TUd34ݝ~:7ڶSUsB0Z3srx 7`:5xcx !qZA!;%͚7&P H<WL!džOb5kF)xor^aujƍ7 Ǡ8/p^(L>ὴ-B,{ۇWzֺ^k]3\EE@7>lYBȝR.oHnXO/}sB|.i@ɥDB4tcm,@ӣgdtJ!lH$_vN166L__'Z)y&kH;:,Y7=J 9cG) V\hjiE;gya~%ks_nC~Er er)muuMg2;֫R)Md) ,¶ 2-wr#F7<-BBn~_(o=KO㭇[Xv eN_SMgSҐ BS헃D%g_N:/pe -wkG*9yYSZS.9cREL !k}<4_Xs#FmҶ:7R$i,fi!~' # !6/S6y@kZkZcX)%5V4P]VGYq%H1!;e1MV<!ϐHO021Dp= HMs~~a)ަu7G^];git!Frl]H/L$=AeUvZE4P\.,xi {-~p?2b#amXAHq)MWǾI_r`S Hz&|{ +ʖ_= (YS(_g0a03M`I&'9vl?MM+m~}*xT۲(fY*V4x@29s{DaY"toGNTO+xCAO~4Ϳ;p`Ѫ:>Ҵ7K 3}+0 387x\)a"/E>qpWB=1 ¨"MP(\xp߫́A3+J] n[ʼnӼaTbZUWb={~2ooKױӰp(CS\S筐R*JغV&&"FA}J>G֐p1ٸbk7 ŘH$JoN <8s^yk_[;gy-;߉DV{c B yce% aJhDȶ 2IdйIB/^n0tNtџdcKj4϶v~- CBcgqx9= PJ) dMsjpYB] GD4RDWX +h{y`,3ꊕ$`zj*N^TP4L:Iz9~6s) Ga:?y*J~?OrMwP\](21sZUD ?ܟQ5Q%ggW6QdO+\@ ̪X'GxN @'4=ˋ+*VwN ne_|(/BDfj5(Dq<*tNt1х!MV.C0 32b#?n0pzj#!38}޴o1KovCJ`8ŗ_"]] rDUy޲@ Ȗ-;xџ'^Y`zEd?0„ DAL18IS]VGq\4o !swV7ˣι%4FѮ~}6)OgS[~Q vcYbL!wG3 7띸*E Pql8=jT\꘿I(z<[6OrR8ºC~ډ]=rNl[g|v TMTղb-o}OrP^Q]<98S¤!k)G(Vkwyqyr޽Nv`N/e p/~NAOk \I:G6]4+K;j$R:Mi #*[AȚT,ʰ,;N{HZTGMoּy) ]%dHء9Պ䠬|<45,\=[bƟ8QXeB3- &dҩ^{>/86bXmZ]]yޚN[(WAHL$YAgDKp=5GHjU&99v簪C0vygln*P)9^͞}lMuiH!̍#DoRBn9l@ xA/_v=ȺT{7Yt2N"4!YN`ae >Q<XMydEB`VU}u]嫇.%e^ánE87Mu\t`cP=AD/G)sI"@MP;)]%fH9'FNsj1pVhY&9=0pfuJ&gޤx+k:!r˭wkl03׼Ku C &ѓYt{.O.zҏ z}/tf_wEp2gvX)GN#I ݭ߽v/ .& и(ZF{e"=V!{zW`, ]+LGz"(UJp|j( #V4, 8B 0 9OkRrlɱl94)'VH9=9W|>PS['G(*I1==C<5"Pg+x'K5EMd؞Af8lG ?D FtoB[je?{k3zQ vZ;%Ɠ,]E>KZ+T/ EJxOZ1i #T<@ I}q9/t'zi(EMqw`mYkU6;[t4DPeckeM;H}_g pMww}k6#H㶏+b8雡Sxp)&C $@'b,fPߑt$RbJ'vznuS ~8='72_`{q纶|Q)Xk}cPz9p7O:'|G~8wx(a 0QCko|0ASD>Ip=4Q, d|F8RcU"/KM opKle M3#i0c%<7׿p&pZq[TR"BpqauIp$ 8~Ĩ!8Սx\ւdT>>Z40ks7 z2IQ}ItԀ<-%S⍤};zIb$I 5K}Q͙D8UguWE$Jh )cu4N tZl+[]M4k8֦Zeq֮M7uIqG 1==tLtR,ƜSrHYt&QP윯Lg' I,3@P'}'R˪e/%-Auv·ñ\> vDJzlӾNv5:|K/Jb6KI9)Zh*ZAi`?S {aiVDԲuy5W7pWeQJk֤#5&V<̺@/GH?^τZL|IJNvI:'P=Ϛt"¨=cud S Q.Ki0 !cJy;LJR;G{BJy޺[^8fK6)=yʊ+(k|&xQ2`L?Ȓ2@Mf 0C`6-%pKpm')c$׻K5[J*U[/#hH!6acB JA _|uMvDyk y)6OPYjœ50VT K}cǻP[ $:]4MEA.y)|B)cf-A?(e|lɉ#P9V)[9t.EiQPDѠ3ϴ;E:+Օ t ȥ~|_N2,ZJLt4! %ա]u {+=p.GhNcŞQI?Nd'yeh n7zi1DB)1S | S#ًZs2|Ɛy$F SxeX{7Vl.Src3E℃Q>b6G ўYCmtկ~=K0f(=LrAS GN'ɹ9<\!a`)֕y[uՍ[09` 9 +57ts6}b4{oqd+J5fa/,97J#6yν99mRWxJyѡyu_TJc`~W>l^q#Ts#2"nD1%fS)FU w{ܯ R{ ˎ󅃏џDsZSQS;LV;7 Od1&1n$ N /.q3~eNɪ]E#oM~}v֯FڦwyZ=<<>Xo稯lfMFV6p02|*=tV!c~]fa5Y^Q_WN|Vs 0ҘދU97OI'N2'8N֭fgg-}V%y]U4 峧p*91#9U kCac_AFңĪy뚇Y_AiuYyTTYЗ-(!JFLt›17uTozc. S;7A&&<ԋ5y;Ro+:' *eYJkWR[@F %SHWP 72k4 qLd'J "zB6{AC0ƁA6U.'F3:Ȅ(9ΜL;D]m8ڥ9}dU "v!;*13Rg^fJyShyy5auA?ɩGHRjo^]׽S)Fm\toy 4WQS@mE#%5ʈfFYDX ~D5Ϡ9tE9So_aU4?Ѽm%&c{n>.KW1Tlb}:j uGi(JgcYj0qn+>) %\!4{LaJso d||u//P_y7iRJ߬nHOy) l+@$($VFIQ9%EeKʈU. ia&FY̒mZ=)+qqoQn >L!qCiDB;Y<%} OgBxB!ØuG)WG9y(Ą{_yesuZmZZey'Wg#C~1Cev@0D $a@˲(.._GimA:uyw֬%;@!JkQVM_Ow:P.s\)ot- ˹"`B,e CRtaEUP<0'}r3[>?G8xU~Nqu;Wm8\RIkբ^5@k+5(By'L&'gBJ3ݶ!/㮻w҅ yqPWUg<e"Qy*167΃sJ\oz]T*UQ<\FԎ`HaNmڜ6DysCask8wP8y9``GJ9lF\G g's Nn͵MLN֪u$| /|7=]O)6s !ĴAKh]q_ap $HH'\1jB^s\|- W1:=6lJBqjY^LsPk""`]w)󭃈,(HC ?䔨Y$Sʣ{4Z+0NvQkhol6C.婧/u]FwiVjZka&%6\F*Ny#8O,22+|Db~d ~Çwc N:FuuCe&oZ(l;@ee-+Wn`44AMK➝2BRՈt7g*1gph9N) *"TF*R(#'88pm=}X]u[i7bEc|\~EMn}P瘊J)K.0i1M6=7'_\kaZ(Th{K*GJyytw"IO-PWJk)..axӝ47"89Cc7ĐBiZx 7m!fy|ϿF9CbȩV 9V-՛^pV̌ɄS#Bv4-@]Vxt-Z, &ֺ*diؠ2^VXbs֔Ìl.jQ]Y[47gj=幽ex)A0ip׳ W2[ᎇhuE^~q흙L} #-b۸oFJ_QP3r6jr+"nfzRJTUqoaۍ /$d8Mx'ݓ= OՃ| )$2mcM*cЙj}f };n YG w0Ia!1Q.oYfr]DyISaP}"dIӗթO67jqR ҊƐƈaɤGG|h;t]䗖oSv|iZqX)oalv;۩meEJ\!8=$4QU4Xo&VEĊ YS^E#d,yX_> ۘ-e\ "Wa6uLĜZi`aD9.% w~mB(02G[6y.773a7 /=o7D)$Z 66 $bY^\CuP. (x'"J60׿Y:Oi;F{w佩b+\Yi`TDWa~|VH)8q/=9!g߆2Y)?ND)%?Ǐ`k/sn:;O299yB=a[Ng 3˲N}vLNy;*?x?~L&=xyӴ~}q{qE*IQ^^ͧvü{Huu=R|>JyUlZV, B~/YF!Y\u_ݼF{_C)LD]m {H 0ihhadd nUkf3oٺCvE\)QJi+֥@tDJkB$1!Đr0XQ|q?d2) Ӣ_}qv-< FŊ߫%roppVBwü~JidY4:}L6M7f٬F "?71<2#?Jyy4뷢<_a7_=Q E=S1И/9{+93֮E{ǂw{))?maÆm(uLE#lïZ  ~d];+]h j?!|$F}*"4(v'8s<ŏUkm7^7no1w2ؗ}TrͿEk>p'8OB7d7R(A 9.*Mi^ͳ; eeUwS+C)uO@ =Sy]` }l8^ZzRXj[^iUɺ$tj))<sbDJfg=Pk_{xaKo1:-uyG0M ԃ\0Lvuy'ȱc2Ji AdyVgVh!{]/&}}ċJ#%d !+87<;qN޼Nفl|1N:8ya  8}k¾+-$4FiZYÔXk*I&'@iI99)HSh4+2G:tGhS^繿 Kتm0 вDk}֚+QT4;sC}rՅE,8CX-e~>G&'9xpW,%Fh,Ry56Y–hW-(v_,? ; qrBk4-V7HQ;ˇ^Gv1JVV%,ik;D_W!))+BoS4QsTM;gt+ndS-~:11Sgv!0qRVh!"Ȋ(̦Yl.]PQWgٳE'`%W1{ndΗBk|Ž7ʒR~,lnoa&:ü$ 3<a[CBݮwt"o\ePJ=Hz"_c^Z.#ˆ*x z̝grY]tdkP*:97YľXyBkD4N.C_[;F9`8& !AMO c `@BA& Ost\-\NX+Xp < !bj3C&QL+*&kAQ=04}cC!9~820G'PC9xa!w&bo_1 Sw"ܱ V )Yl3+ס2KoXOx]"`^WOy :3GO0g;%Yv㐫(R/r (s } u B &FeYZh0y> =2<Ϟc/ -u= c&׭,.0"g"7 6T!vl#sc>{u/Oh Bᾈ)۴74]x7 gMӒ"d]U)}" v4co[ ɡs 5Gg=XR14?5A}D "b{0$L .\4y{_fe:kVS\\O]c^W52LSBDM! C3Dhr̦RtArx4&agaN3Cf<Ԉp4~ B'"1@.b_/xQ} _߃҉/gٓ2Qkqp0շpZ2fԫYz< 4L.Cyυι1t@鎫Fe sYfsF}^ V}N<_`p)alٶ "(XEAVZ<)2},:Ir*#m_YӼ R%a||EƼIJ,,+f"96r/}0jE/)s)cjW#w'Sʯ5<66lj$a~3Kʛy 2:cZ:Yh))+a߭K::N,Q F'qB]={.]h85C9cr=}*rk?vwV렵ٸW Rs%}rNAkDv|uFLBkWY YkX מ|)1!$#3%y?pF<@<Rr0}: }\J [5FRxY<9"SQdE(Q*Qʻ)q1E0B_O24[U'],lOb ]~WjHޏTQ5Syu wq)xnw8~)c 쫬gٲߠ H% k5dƝk> kEj,0% b"vi2Wس_CuK)K{n|>t{P1򨾜j>'kEkƗBg*H%'_aY6Bn!TL&ɌOb{c`'d^{t\i^[uɐ[}q0lM˕G:‚4kb祔c^:?bpg… +37stH:0}en6x˟%/<]BL&* 5&fK9Mq)/iyqtA%kUe[ڛKN]Ě^,"`/ s[EQQm?|XJ߅92m]G.E΃ח U*Cn.j_)Tѧj̿30ڇ!A0=͜ar I3$C^-9#|pk!)?7.x9 @OO;WƝZBFU keZ75F6Tc6"ZȚs2y/1 ʵ:u4xa`C>6Rb/Yм)^=+~uRd`/|_8xbB0?Ft||Z\##|K 0>>zxv8۴吅q 8ĥ)"6>~\8:qM}#͚'ĉ#p\׶ l#bA?)|g g9|8jP(cr,BwV (WliVxxᡁ@0Okn;ɥh$_ckCgriv}>=wGzβ KkBɛ[˪ !J)h&k2%07δt}!d<9;I&0wV/ v 0<H}L&8ob%Hi|޶o&h1L|u֦y~󛱢8fٲUsւ)0oiFx2}X[zVYr_;N(w]_4B@OanC?gĦx>мgx>ΛToZoOMp>40>V Oy V9iq!4 LN,ˢu{jsz]|"R޻&'ƚ{53ўFu(<٪9:΋]B;)B>1::8;~)Yt|0(pw2N%&X,URBK)3\zz&}ax4;ǟ(tLNg{N|Ǽ\G#C9g$^\}p?556]/RP.90 k,U8/u776s ʪ_01چ|\N 0VV*3H鴃J7iI!wG_^ypl}r*jɤSR 5QN@ iZ#1ٰy;_\3\BQQ x:WJv츟ٯ$"@6 S#qe딇(/P( Dy~TOϻ<4:-+F`0||;Xl-"uw$Цi󼕝mKʩorz"mϺ$F:~E'ҐvD\y?Rr8_He@ e~O,T.(ފR*cY^m|cVR[8 JҡSm!ΆԨb)RHG{?MpqrmN>߶Y)\p,d#xۆWY*,l6]v0h15M˙MS8+EdI='LBJIH7_9{Caз*Lq,dt >+~ّeʏ?xԕ4bBAŚjﵫ!'\Ը$WNvKO}ӽmSşذqsOy?\[,d@'73'j%kOe`1.g2"e =YIzS2|zŐƄa\U,dP;jhhhaxǶ?КZ՚.q SE+XrbOu%\GتX(H,N^~]JyEZQKceTQ]VGYqnah;y$cQahT&QPZ*iZ8UQQM.qo/T\7X"u?Mttl2Xq(IoW{R^ ux*SYJ! 4S.Jy~ BROS[V|žKNɛP(L6V^|cR7i7nZW1Fd@ Ara{詑|(T*dN]Ko?s=@ |_EvF]׍kR)eBJc" MUUbY6`~V޴dJKß&~'d3i WWWWWW

F1l3 Manager

Current Directory: /usr/share/doc/python2-docs/html/c-api
/usr/share/doc/python2-docs/html/c-api/
Viewing File: /usr/share/doc/python2-docs/html/c-api/memory.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Memory Management &#8212; Python 2.7.16 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.16 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Object Implementation Support" href="objimpl.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Initialization, Finalization, and Threads" href="init.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/2/c-api/memory.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="objimpl.html" title="Object Implementation Support" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="init.html" title="Initialization, Finalization, and Threads" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Python/C API Reference Manual</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="memory-management"> <span id="memory"></span><h1>Memory Management<a class="headerlink" href="#memory-management" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="section" id="overview"> <span id="memoryoverview"></span><h2>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Memory management in Python involves a private heap containing all Python objects and data structures. The management of this private heap is ensured internally by the <em>Python memory manager</em>. The Python memory manager has different components which deal with various dynamic storage management aspects, like sharing, segmentation, preallocation or caching.</p> <p>At the lowest level, a raw memory allocator ensures that there is enough room in the private heap for storing all Python-related data by interacting with the memory manager of the operating system. On top of the raw memory allocator, several object-specific allocators operate on the same heap and implement distinct memory management policies adapted to the peculiarities of every object type. For example, integer objects are managed differently within the heap than strings, tuples or dictionaries because integers imply different storage requirements and speed/space tradeoffs. The Python memory manager thus delegates some of the work to the object-specific allocators, but ensures that the latter operate within the bounds of the private heap.</p> <p>It is important to understand that the management of the Python heap is performed by the interpreter itself and that the user has no control over it, even if they regularly manipulate object pointers to memory blocks inside that heap. The allocation of heap space for Python objects and other internal buffers is performed on demand by the Python memory manager through the Python/C API functions listed in this document.</p> <p id="index-0">To avoid memory corruption, extension writers should never try to operate on Python objects with the functions exported by the C library: <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">malloc()</span></code>, <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calloc()</span></code>, <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">realloc()</span></code> and <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">free()</span></code>. This will result in mixed calls between the C allocator and the Python memory manager with fatal consequences, because they implement different algorithms and operate on different heaps. However, one may safely allocate and release memory blocks with the C library allocator for individual purposes, as shown in the following example:</p> <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">buf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BUFSIZ</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* for I/O */</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">PyErr_NoMemory</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">...</span><span class="n">Do</span> <span class="n">some</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">O</span> <span class="n">operation</span> <span class="n">involving</span> <span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">...</span> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyString_FromString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* malloc&#39;ed */</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>In this example, the memory request for the I/O buffer is handled by the C library allocator. The Python memory manager is involved only in the allocation of the string object returned as a result.</p> <p>In most situations, however, it is recommended to allocate memory from the Python heap specifically because the latter is under control of the Python memory manager. For example, this is required when the interpreter is extended with new object types written in C. Another reason for using the Python heap is the desire to <em>inform</em> the Python memory manager about the memory needs of the extension module. Even when the requested memory is used exclusively for internal, highly-specific purposes, delegating all memory requests to the Python memory manager causes the interpreter to have a more accurate image of its memory footprint as a whole. Consequently, under certain circumstances, the Python memory manager may or may not trigger appropriate actions, like garbage collection, memory compaction or other preventive procedures. Note that by using the C library allocator as shown in the previous example, the allocated memory for the I/O buffer escapes completely the Python memory manager.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="memory-interface"> <span id="memoryinterface"></span><h2>Memory Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#memory-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The following function sets, modeled after the ANSI C standard, but specifying behavior when requesting zero bytes, are available for allocating and releasing memory from the Python heap:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyMem_Malloc"> void* <code class="descname">PyMem_Malloc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>size_t<em>&nbsp;n</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMem_Malloc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Allocates <em>n</em> bytes and returns a pointer of type <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">void*</span></code> to the allocated memory, or <em>NULL</em> if the request fails. Requesting zero bytes returns a distinct non-<em>NULL</em> pointer if possible, as if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Malloc(1)</span></code> had been called instead. The memory will not have been initialized in any way.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyMem_Realloc"> void* <code class="descname">PyMem_Realloc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em>&nbsp;*p</em>, size_t<em>&nbsp;n</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMem_Realloc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Resizes the memory block pointed to by <em>p</em> to <em>n</em> bytes. The contents will be unchanged to the minimum of the old and the new sizes. If <em>p</em> is <em>NULL</em>, the call is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Malloc(n)</span></code>; else if <em>n</em> is equal to zero, the memory block is resized but is not freed, and the returned pointer is non-<em>NULL</em>. Unless <em>p</em> is <em>NULL</em>, it must have been returned by a previous call to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMem_Malloc" title="PyMem_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Malloc()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMem_Realloc" title="PyMem_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Realloc()</span></code></a>. If the request fails, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMem_Realloc" title="PyMem_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Realloc()</span></code></a> returns <em>NULL</em> and <em>p</em> remains a valid pointer to the previous memory area.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyMem_Free"> void <code class="descname">PyMem_Free</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em>&nbsp;*p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMem_Free" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Frees the memory block pointed to by <em>p</em>, which must have been returned by a previous call to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMem_Malloc" title="PyMem_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Malloc()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMem_Realloc" title="PyMem_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Realloc()</span></code></a>. Otherwise, or if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Free(p)</span></code> has been called before, undefined behavior occurs. If <em>p</em> is <em>NULL</em>, no operation is performed.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The following type-oriented macros are provided for convenience. Note that <em>TYPE</em> refers to any C type.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyMem_New"> TYPE* <code class="descname">PyMem_New</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, size_t<em>&nbsp;n</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMem_New" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMem_Malloc" title="PyMem_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Malloc()</span></code></a>, but allocates <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(n</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">sizeof(TYPE))</span></code> bytes of memory. Returns a pointer cast to <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TYPE*</span></code>. The memory will not have been initialized in any way.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyMem_Resize"> TYPE* <code class="descname">PyMem_Resize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em>&nbsp;*p</em>, TYPE, size_t<em>&nbsp;n</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMem_Resize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMem_Realloc" title="PyMem_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Realloc()</span></code></a>, but the memory block is resized to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(n</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">sizeof(TYPE))</span></code> bytes. Returns a pointer cast to <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TYPE*</span></code>. On return, <em>p</em> will be a pointer to the new memory area, or <em>NULL</em> in the event of failure. This is a C preprocessor macro; p is always reassigned. Save the original value of p to avoid losing memory when handling errors.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyMem_Del"> void <code class="descname">PyMem_Del</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em>&nbsp;*p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMem_Del" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMem_Free" title="PyMem_Free"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Free()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>In addition, the following macro sets are provided for calling the Python memory allocator directly, without involving the C API functions listed above. However, note that their use does not preserve binary compatibility across Python versions and is therefore deprecated in extension modules.</p> <p><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_MALLOC()</span></code>, <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_REALLOC()</span></code>, <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_FREE()</span></code>.</p> <p><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_NEW()</span></code>, <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_RESIZE()</span></code>, <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_DEL()</span></code>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="object-allocators"> <h2>Object allocators<a class="headerlink" href="#object-allocators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The following function sets, modeled after the ANSI C standard, but specifying behavior when requesting zero bytes, are available for allocating and releasing memory from the Python heap.</p> <p>By default, these functions use <a class="reference internal" href="#pymalloc"><span class="std std-ref">pymalloc memory allocator</span></a>.</p> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-global-interpreter-lock"><span class="xref std std-term">GIL</span></a> must be held when using these functions.</p> </div> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_Malloc"> void* <code class="descname">PyObject_Malloc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>size_t<em>&nbsp;n</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Malloc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Allocates <em>n</em> bytes and returns a pointer of type <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">void*</span></code> to the allocated memory, or <em>NULL</em> if the request fails.</p> <p>Requesting zero bytes returns a distinct non-<em>NULL</em> pointer if possible, as if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Malloc(1)</span></code> had been called instead. The memory will not have been initialized in any way.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_Realloc"> void* <code class="descname">PyObject_Realloc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em>&nbsp;*p</em>, size_t<em>&nbsp;n</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Realloc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Resizes the memory block pointed to by <em>p</em> to <em>n</em> bytes. The contents will be unchanged to the minimum of the old and the new sizes.</p> <p>If <em>p</em> is <em>NULL</em>, the call is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Malloc(n)</span></code>; else if <em>n</em> is equal to zero, the memory block is resized but is not freed, and the returned pointer is non-<em>NULL</em>.</p> <p>Unless <em>p</em> is <em>NULL</em>, it must have been returned by a previous call to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Malloc" title="PyObject_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Malloc()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Realloc" title="PyObject_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Realloc()</span></code></a> or <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Calloc()</span></code>.</p> <p>If the request fails, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Realloc" title="PyObject_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Realloc()</span></code></a> returns <em>NULL</em> and <em>p</em> remains a valid pointer to the previous memory area.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_Free"> void <code class="descname">PyObject_Free</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em>&nbsp;*p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Free" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Frees the memory block pointed to by <em>p</em>, which must have been returned by a previous call to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Malloc" title="PyObject_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Malloc()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Realloc" title="PyObject_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Realloc()</span></code></a> or <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Calloc()</span></code>. Otherwise, or if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Free(p)</span></code> has been called before, undefined behavior occurs.</p> <p>If <em>p</em> is <em>NULL</em>, no operation is performed.</p> </dd></dl> <p>In addition, the following macro sets are provided:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_MALLOC()</span></code>: alias to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Malloc" title="PyObject_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Malloc()</span></code></a></li> <li><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_REALLOC()</span></code>: alias to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Realloc" title="PyObject_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Realloc()</span></code></a></li> <li><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_FREE()</span></code>: alias to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Free" title="PyObject_Free"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Free()</span></code></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_Del" title="PyObject_Del"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Del()</span></code></a>: alias to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Free" title="PyObject_Free"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Free()</span></code></a></li> <li><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_DEL()</span></code>: alias to <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_FREE()</span></code> (so finally an alias to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Free" title="PyObject_Free"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Free()</span></code></a>)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="the-pymalloc-allocator"> <span id="pymalloc"></span><h2>The pymalloc allocator<a class="headerlink" href="#the-pymalloc-allocator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Python has a <em>pymalloc</em> allocator optimized for small objects (smaller or equal to 512 bytes) with a short lifetime. It uses memory mappings called “arenas” with a fixed size of 256 KiB. It falls back to <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">malloc()</span></code> and <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">realloc()</span></code> for allocations larger than 512 bytes.</p> <p><em>pymalloc</em> is the default allocator of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Malloc" title="PyObject_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Malloc()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The arena allocator uses the following functions:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap()</span></code> and <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">munmap()</span></code> if available,</li> <li><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">malloc()</span></code> and <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">free()</span></code> otherwise.</li> </ul> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7.7: </span>The threshold changed from 256 to 512 bytes. The arena allocator now uses <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap()</span></code> if available.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="examples"> <span id="memoryexamples"></span><h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Here is the example from section <a class="reference internal" href="#memoryoverview"><span class="std std-ref">Overview</span></a>, rewritten so that the I/O buffer is allocated from the Python heap by using the first function set:</p> <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">buf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">PyMem_Malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BUFSIZ</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* for I/O */</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">PyErr_NoMemory</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cm">/* ...Do some I/O operation involving buf... */</span> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyString_FromString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">PyMem_Free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* allocated with PyMem_Malloc */</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The same code using the type-oriented function set:</p> <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">buf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyMem_New</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BUFSIZ</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* for I/O */</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">PyErr_NoMemory</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cm">/* ...Do some I/O operation involving buf... */</span> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyString_FromString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">PyMem_Del</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* allocated with PyMem_New */</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Note that in the two examples above, the buffer is always manipulated via functions belonging to the same set. Indeed, it is required to use the same memory API family for a given memory block, so that the risk of mixing different allocators is reduced to a minimum. The following code sequence contains two errors, one of which is labeled as <em>fatal</em> because it mixes two different allocators operating on different heaps.</p> <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">buf1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyMem_New</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BUFSIZ</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">buf2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BUFSIZ</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">buf3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">PyMem_Malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BUFSIZ</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="n">PyMem_Del</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf3</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* Wrong -- should be PyMem_Free() */</span> <span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* Right -- allocated via malloc() */</span> <span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf1</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* Fatal -- should be PyMem_Del() */</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>In addition to the functions aimed at handling raw memory blocks from the Python heap, objects in Python are allocated and released with <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_New" title="PyObject_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_New()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_NewVar" title="PyObject_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_NewVar()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_Del" title="PyObject_Del"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Del()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>These will be explained in the next chapter on defining and implementing new object types in C.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Memory Management</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview">Overview</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#memory-interface">Memory Interface</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#object-allocators">Object allocators</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-pymalloc-allocator">The pymalloc allocator</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="init.html" title="previous chapter">Initialization, Finalization, and Threads</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="objimpl.html" title="next chapter">Object Implementation Support</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/c-api/memory.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="objimpl.html" title="Object Implementation Support" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="init.html" title="Initialization, Finalization, and Threads" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Mar 27, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.7.6. </div> </body> </html>
webs 1.0 - Enhanced UI