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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection &#8212; Python 2.7.16 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.16 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Distributing Python Modules" href="../distributing/index.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Type Objects" href="typeobj.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/2/c-api/gcsupport.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../distributing/index.html" title="Distributing Python Modules" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="typeobj.html" title="Type Objects" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="objimpl.html" accesskey="U">Object Implementation Support</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection"> <span id="supporting-cycle-detection"></span><h1>Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection<a class="headerlink" href="#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>Python’s support for detecting and collecting garbage which involves circular references requires support from object types which are “containers” for other objects which may also be containers. Types which do not store references to other objects, or which only store references to atomic types (such as numbers or strings), do not need to provide any explicit support for garbage collection.</p> <p>To create a container type, the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_flags</span></code></a> field of the type object must include the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> and provide an implementation of the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler. If instances of the type are mutable, a <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_clear" title="PyTypeObject.tp_clear"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_clear</span></code></a> implementation must also be provided.</p> <dl class="data"> <dt> <code class="descname">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</code></dt> <dd><p>Objects with a type with this flag set must conform with the rules documented here. For convenience these objects will be referred to as container objects.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Constructors for container types must conform to two rules:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>The memory for the object must be allocated using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="PyObject_GC_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_New()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="PyObject_GC_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_NewVar()</span></code></a>.</li> <li>Once all the fields which may contain references to other containers are initialized, it must call <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="PyObject_GC_Track"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Track()</span></code></a>.</li> </ol> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_GC_New"> TYPE* <code class="descname">PyObject_GC_New</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a><em>&nbsp;*type</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Analogous to <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_New" title="PyObject_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_New()</span></code></a> but for container objects with the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> flag set.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_GC_NewVar"> TYPE* <code class="descname">PyObject_GC_NewVar</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a><em>&nbsp;*type</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Analogous to <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_NewVar" title="PyObject_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_NewVar()</span></code></a> but for container objects with the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> flag set.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This function used an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> type for <em>size</em>. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Resize"> TYPE* <code class="descname">PyObject_GC_Resize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject">PyVarObject</a><em>&nbsp;*op</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;newsize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Resize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Resize an object allocated by <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_NewVar" title="PyObject_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_NewVar()</span></code></a>. Returns the resized object or <em>NULL</em> on failure. <em>op</em> must not be tracked by the collector yet.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>This function used an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> type for <em>newsize</em>. This might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Track"> void <code class="descname">PyObject_GC_Track</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Adds the object <em>op</em> to the set of container objects tracked by the collector. The collector can run at unexpected times so objects must be valid while being tracked. This should be called once all the fields followed by the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler become valid, usually near the end of the constructor.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c._PyObject_GC_TRACK"> void <code class="descname">_PyObject_GC_TRACK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyObject_GC_TRACK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A macro version of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="PyObject_GC_Track"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Track()</span></code></a>. It should not be used for extension modules.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Similarly, the deallocator for the object must conform to a similar pair of rules:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>Before fields which refer to other containers are invalidated, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack" title="PyObject_GC_UnTrack"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_UnTrack()</span></code></a> must be called.</li> <li>The object’s memory must be deallocated using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Del" title="PyObject_GC_Del"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Del()</span></code></a>.</li> </ol> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Del"> void <code class="descname">PyObject_GC_Del</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em>&nbsp;*op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Del" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Releases memory allocated to an object using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="PyObject_GC_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_New()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="PyObject_GC_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_NewVar()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack"> void <code class="descname">PyObject_GC_UnTrack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em>&nbsp;*op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Remove the object <em>op</em> from the set of container objects tracked by the collector. Note that <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="PyObject_GC_Track"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Track()</span></code></a> can be called again on this object to add it back to the set of tracked objects. The deallocator (<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc" title="PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_dealloc</span></code></a> handler) should call this for the object before any of the fields used by the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler become invalid.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c._PyObject_GC_UNTRACK"> void <code class="descname">_PyObject_GC_UNTRACK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyObject_GC_UNTRACK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A macro version of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack" title="PyObject_GC_UnTrack"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_UnTrack()</span></code></a>. It should not be used for extension modules.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler accepts a function parameter of this type:</p> <dl class="type"> <dt id="c.visitproc"> int <code class="descname">(*visitproc)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*object</em>, void<em>&nbsp;*arg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.visitproc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Type of the visitor function passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler. The function should be called with an object to traverse as <em>object</em> and the third parameter to the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler as <em>arg</em>. The Python core uses several visitor functions to implement cyclic garbage detection; it’s not expected that users will need to write their own visitor functions.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handler must have the following type:</p> <dl class="type"> <dt id="c.traverseproc"> int <code class="descname">(*traverseproc)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*self</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.visitproc" title="visitproc">visitproc</a><em>&nbsp;visit</em>, void<em>&nbsp;*arg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.traverseproc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Traversal function for a container object. Implementations must call the <em>visit</em> function for each object directly contained by <em>self</em>, with the parameters to <em>visit</em> being the contained object and the <em>arg</em> value passed to the handler. The <em>visit</em> function must not be called with a <em>NULL</em> object argument. If <em>visit</em> returns a non-zero value that value should be returned immediately.</p> </dd></dl> <p>To simplify writing <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handlers, a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_VISIT" title="Py_VISIT"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_VISIT()</span></code></a> macro is provided. In order to use this macro, the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> implementation must name its arguments exactly <em>visit</em> and <em>arg</em>:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="c.Py_VISIT"> void <code class="descname">Py_VISIT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_VISIT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If <em>o</em> is not <em>NULL</em>, call the <em>visit</em> callback, with arguments <em>o</em> and <em>arg</em>. If <em>visit</em> returns a non-zero value, then return it. Using this macro, <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> handlers look like:</p> <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">my_traverse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Noddy</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">visitproc</span> <span class="n">visit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Py_VISIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">Py_VISIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_clear" title="PyTypeObject.tp_clear"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_clear</span></code></a> handler must be of the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.inquiry" title="inquiry"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inquiry</span></code></a> type, or <em>NULL</em> if the object is immutable.</p> <dl class="type"> <dt id="c.inquiry"> int <code class="descname">(*inquiry)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.inquiry" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Drop references that may have created reference cycles. Immutable objects do not have to define this method since they can never directly create reference cycles. Note that the object must still be valid after calling this method (don’t just call <a class="reference internal" href="refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF" title="Py_DECREF"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DECREF()</span></code></a> on a reference). The collector will call this method if it detects that this object is involved in a reference cycle.</p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="typeobj.html" title="previous chapter">Type Objects</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="../distributing/index.html" title="next chapter">Distributing Python Modules</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/c-api/gcsupport.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../distributing/index.html" title="Distributing Python Modules" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="typeobj.html" title="Type Objects" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> &#187; </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python/C API Reference Manual</a> &#187;</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="objimpl.html" >Object Implementation Support</a> &#187;</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Mar 27, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.7.6. </div> </body> </html>
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